Purpose: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children, particularly those under the age of five. This study aimed to compare white blood cell (WBC) count and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) between children with complicated and uncomplicated pneumonia hospitalized at Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya. Research methodology: This retrospective study evaluated 49 children hospitalized with CAP from January to October 2021. Pneumonia was diagnosed based on symptoms (fever, cough, dyspnea) and physical findings (tachypnea, chest indrawing, rales). The comparison of WBC count and NLR of children with and without pneumonia complications was made using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Of the 49 patients, 28 (57.1%) were male and 40 (81.6%) were under five years old. The median hospital stay was 7 (Interquartile Range [IQR] 4.5 – 9) days. Nine patients (18.4%) had complications, including pneumothorax (33%) and sepsis (22%). Patients with complications had higher median WBC counts (19.5 [IQR 7.2 – 25.1] vs. 12.7 [IQR 10.7 – 15.7] x103/mm3, p=0.224). Similarly, the median NLR was found higher in the complicated pneumonia group (2.9 [IQR 1.5 – 10.8]) than uncomplicated group (1.7 [IQR 0.9 – 4.4], p=0.178). Limitations: The few sample size and retrospective nature of the study limits the generalizability of the findings. Future studies with larger sample sizes and the inclusion of additional biomarkers are warranted to confirm our findings. Contribution: These trends suggest potential utility of WBC count and NLR as biomarkers for pneumonia severity, warranting further research with larger cohorts.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the potential of bioactive compounds found in moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaves as agents to treat breast cancer using a medicinal chemistry approach. Methodology/approach: This study was conducted using a descriptive and qualitative literature review approach, utilizing data sources from various relevant scientific journals published in the last five years. Results/findings: This study showed that four key compounds, moringin, kaempferol, quercetin, and nanoquercetin, have significant biological potential in inhibiting the growth and spread of breast cancer cells through various molecular mechanisms. The combination of these compounds provides a synergistic and selective therapeutic approach and shows potential in the development of more effective cancer therapies with minimal side effects. However, challenges related to pharmacokinetic limitations, especially in quercetin, can be overcome through technological innovations, such as nano-based delivery systems. Conclusions: This study concludes that bioactive compounds in Moringa oleifera leaves possess promising anticancer properties against breast cancer through diverse molecular mechanisms. Their synergistic potential highlights the relevance of natural compounds in the development of selective and effective cancer therapies. Limitations: The study was limited by its reliance on secondary data from literature sources and lack of experimental validation. Additionally, pharmacokinetic challenges, especially for quercetin, necessitate further research on delivery system optimization. Contributions: This research adds valuable insights into the medicinal chemistry of natural compounds, particularly in the Indonesian context. It also encourages the development of innovative drug delivery technologies to enhance the clinical applications of plant-derived anticancer agents.

Purpose: Futsal requires skills and individual techniques such as agility and speed. Agility is the ability to change body position quickly without losing balance. Circuit training is a training system that can simultaneously improve the overall body fitness, the elements such as speed, agility, and other components of physical conditions. This study aims to determine the effect of circuit training on improving agility in futsal players. Methodology/approach: A quasi-experimental study was conducted among 26 male futsal players who were divided non-randomly into 2 groups of 13 people, 1) experimental group which was doing circuit training twice a week for 6 weeks; 2) control group. Agility was measured using the illinois agility test of both groups. Descriptive analysis was done by using EZR (Easy R) to find out the results of the study. Results/findings: The result of this study is the average difference between pretest-posttest circuit training groups was 0,95±0,23 and the control group 0,03±0,06. Analysis of different effect between both groups means by using two sample t-test showed a result of p = 0,001 where the value of p value <0.05 so that H1 is accepted which means that there are significant differences in the effect on the research subject after being given circuit training. In conclusion, there was significant effect of circuit training to improve agility in futsal players. This results show that circuit training was reasonably effective in improving agility, suggesting that other factors such as BMI and training frequency should also be considered in future research. Based on the results of data analysis, it can be concluded that the provision of circuit training has an effect on increasing agility in futsal players as measured by the Illinois agility test measuring instrument at pre-test and post-test. Limitations: This study has several limitations. First, the sample size was relatively small, which may limit the generalizability of the findings. Second, there were potential external factors that were not strictly controlled, may still contributing to the study outcomes. Third, the study design was non-randomized, which could introduce selection bias. Contribution: This research is expected to increase knowledge, provide an alternative form of circuit training to increase the agility performance of futsal players

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the potential of terpenoid derivatives as anti-cancer agents by reviewing various molecular mechanisms involved, findings from preclinical and clinical studies, and the challenges faced in their development. Methodology: A literature review approach was used, involving the collection, analysis, and synthesis of data from credible sources, to present a comprehensive understanding of the pharmacological properties and mechanisms of action of terpenoids. Critical evaluation of the selected studies was carried out to identify key findings and trends.. Results: This review shows that terpenoids have significant potential in cancer therapy through diverse molecular mechanisms, both as monotherapies and in combination with conventional treatments. Advances in drug delivery technologies, such as the use of nanoparticles and liposomes, have enhanced the stability and bioavailability of compounds, paving the way for more effective therapeutic applications. Conclusions: Terpenoid-based drug development shows strong promise in cancer treatment. Structural modifications have improved their efficacy and selectivity toward cancer cells, and innovative delivery systems have addressed challenges in bioavailability, supporting their role as safe and effective therapeutic alternatives. Limitations: This review was based on secondary data and lacked direct clinical validation. It does not provide detailed pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic profiles, and its potential interactions with standard chemotherapeutic agents remain underexplored. Contribution: This article synthesizes the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of terpenoid derivatives as anticancer agents. This highlights the advances in delivery technologies and structural optimization, offering valuable insights for future drug development strategies.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the potential of bioactive compounds from Indonesian bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) as Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors for the treatment of diabetes mellitus using an in silico approach. Methodology/approach: The methodology included identifying bioactive compounds from bay leaf, preparing the SGLT-2 protein structure, molecular docking using Molegro Virtual Docker, molecular dynamics simulations with YASARA Dynamics, and data analysis focusing on rerank scores and RMSD (Root Mean Square Deviation) values. Result/findings: The in silico study revealed that several bioactive compounds in bay leaf, such as flavonoids and phenolic acids, exhibit a strong affinity and specific interaction with SGLT-2, which yielded more negative rerank scores than empagliflozin, indicating stronger binding affinity. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability of ligand-protein binding, particularly for 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid. Conclusions: Bay leaf compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids showed strong binding to SGLT-2, with better rerank scores than empagliflozin. Molecular dynamics confirmed stable interactions, especially for 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid. Limitations: This study is limited by variations in dosage and treatment duration in existing research, the use of animal models that do not fully replicate human type 2 diabetes, and the need for further in vitro and in vivo validation. Contribution: This study supports bay leaf as a potential antidiabetic phytopharmaca via SGLT-2 inhibition. In silico methods aid drug discovery and align with evidence of its blood sugar-lowering effects. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to confirm efficacy and safety.