Kontradiksi Perilaku Republik Rakyat China di Asia Tenggara: Geopolitik dan Kepentingan Nasional
Abstract:
Purpose: This study will explain the People's Republic of China's (PRC) national interest through international relations activities in the Southeast Asian region. Activities that occur between PRC and states in Southeast Asia are cooperation and conflict at the same time. One form of cooperation that occurs between the PRC and countries in Southeast Asia is the Belt and Road Initiatives (BRI) mega project. Meanwhile, a territorial dispute in the South China Sea is one form of conflict that arises between the PRC and states in Southeast Asia.
Methodology: The research method used in this research is a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach. This study will use the concepts of geopolitics and national interests as a research knife to explain the importance of the Southeast Asian region to the PRC, China's behavior in the Southeast Asia region, and PRC intentions.
Results: Southeast Asia is of great importance to PRC national interests. The strategic location, natural resources, and countries in the region have the potential to fulfill PRC national interests. PRC has both cooperative and conflict relations with countries in Southeast Asia. Bilateral and multilateral cooperation between PRC and Southeast Asian countries has positively impacted both sides. One form of collaboration between the PRC and Southeast Asian countries is the BRI, and one conflict is the dispute in the South China Sea. Good relations are not a guarantee of avoiding a conflict and vice versa. Ultimately, the state will make a rational choice that will produce a decision or policy that can accommodate its national interests.
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- Asean-China Center. (2020, Maret 13). ASEAN-China Relations. Dipetik September 28, 2021, dari Asean-China Center: http://www.asean-china-center.org/english/2020-03/4613.html
- ASEAN-China Centre. (2013, Oktober 3). Speech by Chinese President Xi Jinping to Indonesian Parliament. Dipetik Oktober 5, 2021, dari ASEAN-China Centre: http://www.asean-china-center.org/english/2013-10/03/c_133062675.htm
- CFR. (2020). Timeline: China’s Maritime Disputes 1895 – 2020. Dipetik Oktober 7, 2021, dari Council on Foreign Relations: https://www.cfr.org/timeline/chinas-maritime-disputes
- China Focus. (1958, September 4). Declaration of the Government of the People’s Republic of China on China’s Territorial Sea. Dipetik Oktober 5, 2021, dari China Focus: https://www.chinausfocus.com/upload/file/2014/Annex1-4.pdf
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- Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. California: Sage Publications, Inc.
- Darmawan, A. R. (2021, Oktober 6). ASEAN’s dilemma in the South China Sea: Can the regional organisation be useful in such a heated dispute? Dipetik November 10, 2021, dari Policy Forum: https://www.policyforum.net/aseans-dilemma-in-the-south-china-sea/
- Dodds, K. (2007). Geopolitics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Dolven, B., Elsea, J. K., Lawrence, S. V., O'Rourke, R., & Rinehart, I. E. (2015). Chinese Land Reclamation in the South China Sea: Implications and Policy Options. Washington D.C: Congressional Research Service.
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- Lei, Z. (2018). The Political Economy of China's Belt and Road Initiative. Shanghai: World Scientific.
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- Massey, D. (2006). Place Characteristic. Dalam C. Flint, Introduction to Geopolitics (hal. 8-9). New York: Routledge.
- Morgenthau, H. (1952). "Another “Great Debate”: The National Interest of the United State. The American Political Science Review, 46(4), 961-988.
- Nuechterlein, D. E. (1976). National Interests and Foreign Policy: A Conceptual Framework for Analysis and Decision-Making. British Journal of International Studies, 2(3), 246-266.
- OECD. (2018). China's Belt and Road Initiative in the Global Trade, Investment and Finance Landscape. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/bus_fin_out-2018-6-en
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- Rapp-Hooper, M. (2015, Februari 18). Before and After: The South China Sea Transformed. Diambil kembali dari Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative: https://amti.csis.org/before-and-after-the-south-china-sea-transformed/
- Robert L. Worden, Savada, A. M., & Dolan, R. E. (1987). China. Dipetik Agustus 5, 2021, dari Country Studies: http://countrystudies.us/china/92.htm
- Schofield, C. (2009). Dangerous Ground: A geopolitical overview of the South China Sea. Dalam S. Bateman, & R. Emmers, Security and International Politics in the South China Sea: Towards a cooperative management regime. (hal. 1-25). Oxon: Routledge.
- Shenkar, O. (2005). The Chinese Century: The rising Chinese Economy and Its Impact on the Global Economy, and the Balance of Power, and Your Job. Texas: Wharton University Press.
- Snyder, S. (1996). The South China Sea Dispute: Prospects for Preventive Diplomacy. Washington DC: U.S. Institute of Peace.
- Sun, P., & Heshmati, A. (2010). International Trade and its Effects on Economic Growth in China. IZA Discussion Paper Series 5151, 1-33.
- Sun, Y. (2012). Studying the South China Sea: The Chinese Perspective. Center for a New American Security, 1-11.
- Sung, Y. W. (1991). The China-Hong Kong Connection: The Key to China's Open Door Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511552298
- Suropati, U., Sulaiman, Y., & Montratama, I. (2016). Arungi Samudera Bersama Sang Naga: Sinergi Poros Maritim Dunia dan Jalur Sutra Maritim Abad ke 21. Jakarta: PT Elex Media Komputindo.
- U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2013). South China Sea. United States: U.S. Energy Information Administration. Dipetik November 8, 2021, dari https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/regions-of-interest/South_China_Sea
- United Nations. (2011, Agustus). Chinese Note Verbale to the United Nations Secretary General No. CML/8/2011. Dipetik November 5, 2021, dari United Nations: http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mysvnm33_09/chn_2011_re_phl_e.pdf
- Wahyudi, H., & Ayunindien, Q. (2022). Globalisasi Sosial Berpengaruh Negatif bagi Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di ASEAN. Jurnal Studi Ilmu Sosial dan Politik, 2(1), 1-11.
- Wasserstrom, J. N. (2010). China in the 21th. Century: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford: Oxford University Press.