Apakah Kesulitan Keuangan Terkait dengan Praktik Manajemen Laba dengan Hubungan Fraud Hexagon sebagai Variabel Moderasi?

Published: Jan 2, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: To empirically test and analyze the influence of a company's Financial Distress condition on Earnings Management, and to empirically test and analyze the influence of a company's Financial Distress condition on Earnings Management based on Fraud Hexagon.

Research methodology: Secondary data, banking financial report data, statistical analysis, quantitative methods with descriptive analysis and hypothesis testing, Warppls 7.0, evaluation of structural models and goodness of fit, collection of banking financial report data on the Indonesian stock exchange.

Results: In this research, the Financial Distress variable cannot affect the practice of Earnings Management in a company and Fraud Hexagon cannot moderate the influence of Financial Distress on (Earnings Management).

Limitations: This study is limited by small sample size, inadequate data quality, and the influence of unexpected external factors, so the results may not be widely generalizable.

Contribution: Provides new insights into the relationship between financial distress and earnings management, has practical implications for improving financial transparency, and provides policy recommendations for tightening regulations to prevent fraud in financial reporting.

Keywords:
1. Financial Distress
2. earnings management
3. Factor Fraud
4. Partial Least Squere
Authors:
1 . Muhammad Khalid Azka
2 . Agustina Mappadang
3 . Isti Pajar Agustiani
How to Cite
Azka, M. K. ., Mappadang, A. ., & Agustiani, I. P. . (2025). Apakah Kesulitan Keuangan Terkait dengan Praktik Manajemen Laba dengan Hubungan Fraud Hexagon sebagai Variabel Moderasi? . Studi Akuntansi, Keuangan, Dan Manajemen, 4(2), 243–263. https://doi.org/10.35912/sakman.v4i2.3610

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References

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    Achyani, M. N., & Kusumawati, E. (2023). Pengaruh Profitability, Leverage, Liquidity, Dan Good Corporate Governance Terhadap Financial Distress. Jurnal Maneksi (Management Ekonomi Dan Akuntansi), 12(4), 899-908.

    Andrew, A., Candy, C., & Robin, R. (2022). Detecting fraudulent of financial statements using fraud score model and financial distress. International Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting Research (IJEBAR), 6(1), 696-707.

    Anisa, S., Shafitranata, S., MT, R. A., & Octavia, R. (2023). Pengaruh rasio keuangan terhadap financial distress perusahaan makanan dan minuman di Indonesia sebelum dan saat Covid-19. Nominal Barometer Riset Akuntansi dan Manajemen, 12(2), 166-176.

    Armour, J., & Skeel Jr, D. A. (2006). Who writes the rules for hostile takeovers, and why-the peculiar divergence of US and UK takeover regulation. Geo. LJ, 95, 1727.

    Asien, E. N. (2023). Relationship between intangible assets, called-out directors’ operational dichotomy and corporate financial performance. International Journal of Financial, Accounting, and Management, 5(2), 149-164.

    Ayem, S., Cahyaning, E. K., Sari, P. R., Sogen, A. H. A., Puspita, A., & Priambodo, D. (2023). Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Terjadinya Financial Distress. Reslaj: Religion Education Social Laa Roiba Journal, 5(6), 3057-3076.

    Bensaadi, I. (2023). Pengaruh Free Cash Flow, Konservatisme Akuntansi, dan Financial Distress Terhadap Earning Management Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Jurnal Akuntansi Malikussaleh (JAM), 2(3), 342-350.

    Bergh, D. D., Ketchen Jr, D. J., Orlandi, I., Heugens, P. P., & Boyd, B. K. (2019). Information asymmetry in management research: Past accomplishments and future opportunities. Journal of management, 45(1), 122-158.

    Bisogno, M., & De Luca, R. (2015). Financial distress and earnings manipulation: Evidence from Italian SMEs. Journal of Accounting and Finance.

    Biurrun, V., & Rudolf, M. (2010). The costs of bank earnings management. Available at SSRN 1569496.

    Buallay, A., Hamdan, A. M., Reyad, S., Badawi, S., & Madbouly, A. (2020). The efficiency of GCC banks: the role of intellectual capital. European Business Review, 32(3), 383-404.

    Cressey, D. (1953). Other people’s money; a study of the social psychology of embezzlement. Patterson Smith.

    Damayanti, F. (2022). Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Audit Report Lag Serta Dampaknya Terhadap Trading Volume Activity Pada Perusahaan Sektor Pertambangan Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Pada Tahun 2015-2020. ITB Ahmad Dahlan.

    Dechow, P. M., Sloan, R. G., & Sweeney, A. P. (1996). Causes and consequences of earnings manipulation: An analysis of firms subject to enforcement actions by the SEC. Contemporary accounting research, 13(1), 1-36.

    Egami, N., & Lee, D. D. I. (2024). Designing Multi-Site Studies for External Validity: Site Selection via Synthetic Purposive Sampling. Available at SSRN 4717330.

    Ferdian, R., Suryadi, E., & Safitri, H. (2018). Analisis Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR), Gross Profit Margin (GPM), dan Net Profit Margin (NPM) Terhadap Harga Saham Indeks PEFINDO-25. Jurnal Produktivitas: Jurnal Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Muhammadiyah Pontianak, 5(1).

    Gandhi, K. (2024). Financial distress, earnings benchmark and earnings management practices. Vision, 28(2), 171-192.

    Habib, A., Costa, M. D., Huang, H. J., Bhuiyan, M. B. U., & Sun, L. (2020). Determinants and consequences of financial distress: review of the empirical literature. Accounting & Finance, 60, 1023-1075.

    Hantono, H. (2021). Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pajak Perusahaan Pada Industri Dasar dan Kimia Yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis, Manajemen dan Akuntansi (JEBMA), 1(1), 41-53.

    Hardirmaningrum, A., & Rohman, A. (2023). Determinasi Teori Fraud Hexagon dan Karakteristik Komite Audit dalam Mendeteksi Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan. Jurnal Akademi Akuntansi, 6(4), 490-509.

    Hosen, M. N., & Nada, S. (2013). Pengukuran Tingkat Kesehatan dan Gejala Financial Distress Bank Umum Syariah. Jurnal Economia, 9(2), 215-226.

    Ilyas, M., Sari, E., & Umar, F. (2024). Financial Distress Analysis to Predict Company Bankruptcy Using the Modified Altman Method. Almana: Jurnal Manajemen Dan Bisnis, 8(1), 77-86.

    Ishak, J. F. (2024). The role of earnings quality in the impact of earnings management and leverage on firm value. International Journal of Financial, Accounting, and Management, 5(4), 419-428.

    Kazemian, S., Shauri, N. A. A., Sanusi, Z. M., Kamaluddin, A., & Shuhidan, S. M. (2017). Monitoring mechanisms and financial distress of public listed companies in Malaysia. Journal of International Studies, 10(1).

    Kurniawan, A., & Hermawan, A. A. (2017). The effect of earnings management on the probability of fraud and financial distress. Paper presented at the 6th International Accounting Conference (IAC 2017).

    Lee, T. A., Ingram, R. W., & Howard, T. P. (1999). The difference between earnings and operating cash flow as an indicator of financial reporting fraud. Contemporary accounting research, 16(4), 749-786.

    Lestari, F. (2023). Prediksi Finansial Distress pada Salah Satu Bank Konvensional Menggunakan Machine Learning. Indonesian Journal of Applied Mathematics, 3(1), 21-25.

    Maharanti, P., Yudi, & Friyani, R. (2024). Determination of the Fraud Hexagon on the Tendency of Fraudulent Financial Reporting in the Provinces of Indonesia.

    Mallinguh, E. B., & Zéman, Z. (2020). Financial distress, prediction, and strategies by firms: A systematic review of literature. Periodica Polytechnica Social and Management Sciences, 28(2), 162-176.

    Mamu, Y. T. L., & Damayanthi, I. (2018). Moderasi Kualitas Auditor Terhadap Pengaruh Leverage, Kepemilikan Manajerial, dan Kepemilikan Institusional Pada Manajemen Laba. E-Jurnal Akuntansi Universitas Udayana, 25(1), 272-299.

    Nugroho, A. A., Baridwan, Z., & Mardiati, E. (2018). Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Likuiditas, Leverage, dan Corpo-Rate Governance Terhadap Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan, Serta Financial Distress Sebagai Variabel Intervening. Media Trend, 13(2), 219-240.

    Paul, A., & Rakshit, D. (2020). Earnings management and financial distress: An analysis of Indian textile companies. Journal of Economics and Public Policy, 3, 40-53.

    Pratiwi, S. D., & Ghozali, I. (2022). Diamond Fraud Dimension Analysis in Detecting Financial Statement Fraud in Companies Manufacturers Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 5(1).

    Proença, J. F., & Mota de Castro, L. (2000). Cross boundary relationships in Portuguese banking and corporate financial services. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 18(7), 338-346.

    Putro, S. M. S., & Puspawati, D. Analysis of Fraud Financial Statement with Fraud Hexagon and Financial Distress.

    Rahayuningtyas, P., & Yanti, Y. (2023). Factors Affecting Financial Distress In Manufacturing Companies Listed On IDX. International Journal of Application on Economics and Business, 1(2), 861-870.

    Rashid, N., Afthanorhan, A., Yazid, A. S., Johari, R. J., Hamid, N. A., & Rasit, Z. A. (2018). The Causation Of The Financial Statement Manipulation Activities. International Journal Of Academic Research In Business And Social Sciences, 8(12).

    Reinhart, C. M. (2022). From health crisis to financial distress. IMF Economic Review, 70(1), 4.

    Salim, A. F., & Yanti, Y. (2023). Factors affecting financial distress in manufacturing companies listed on the IDX. International Journal of Application on Economics and Business, 1(2), 814-827.

    Sari, T. A., Sa’diyah, H., & Ainun, B. (2022). Financial Resources And Corporate Performance. Sustainable: Jurnal Akuntansi, 2(1), 98-116.

    Say, S. (2024). Determining Financial Distress With The Help Of The Altman Z-Score Model. Toplum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Dergisi, 5(2), 327-341.

    Shan, Y., Taylor, S., & Walter, T. (2013). Fundamentals or managerial discretion? The relationship between accrual variability and future stock return volatility. Abacus, 49(4), 441-475.

    Sholikatun, R., & Makaryanawati, M. (2023). Determinan Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan (Perspektif Fraud Hexagon Theory). EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Keuangan), 7(3), 328-350.

    Soekapdjo, S. (2020). Determinasi Kinerja Bank Umum Konvensioanal Di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Bisnis Dan Ekonomi Asia, 14(1), 35-45.

    Sudarno, S., & Di Asih, I. M. Penerapan Model Log-Logistik Proporsional Hazard Untuk Menentukan Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kondisi Financial Distress. Indonesian Journal of Applied Statistics, 6(2), 172-185.

    Sudiantini, D., Suryadinata, A., Rahayu, A. S., Aprilia, A. B., & Lestari, A. D. (2023). Ruang Lingkup Manajemen Keuangan Scope Of Financial Management. Jurnal Kajian dan Penelitian Umum, 1(3), 60-65.

    Suhadi, I. A. (2024). Impact of intellectual capital on financial performance with company size moderation. International Journal of Financial, Accounting, and Management, 6(1), 47-59.

    Sulistyorini, E., Isman, I., Sari, Y. E. I., & Bude, M. M. (2022). Providing education and financial literacy about stock investment planning for SMK PGRI Pandaan students. Abdimas: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Universitas Merdeka Malang, 7(3), 563-574.

    Tharu, N. K., & Shrestha, Y. M. (2019). The influence of bank size on profitability: An application of statistics. International Journal of Financial, Accounting, and Management, 1(2), 81-89.

    Umam, D. C., & Yusuf, Y. (2024). Determinants Of Financial Distress: Review Of The Aspects Of Profitability, Liquidity, Leverage, And ActivitY. International Journal Multidisciplinary Science, 3(1), 36-44.

    Vagner, L., Valaskova, K., Durana, P., & Lazaroiu, G. (2021). Earnings management: A bibliometric analysis. Economics & Sociology, 14(1), 249-262.

    Vousinas, G. L. (2019). Advancing theory of fraud: the SCORE model. Journal of Financial Crime, 26(1), 372-381.

    Wijayanto, E., Rois, M., Indrasari, L., & Widodo, S. (2022). Analisis Pengaruh Net Profit Margin (NPM), Return On Equity (ROE), Debt To Equity Ratio (DER) Dan Current Ratio (CR) Terhadap Earning Per Share (EPS) Pada Perusahaan Sektor Industri Barang Dan Konsumsi Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia PERIODE 2016-2020. Keunis, 10(2), 41-49.

    Winata, L. A., Suhartono, S., & Dema, Y. (2024). Evaluating the impact of hexagon fraud on potential financial statement fraud with audit quality as a moderator. Jurnal Ekonomi Perusahaan, 31(1), 84-106.

    Wisnu, F., & Astuti, D. P. (2023). Financial Distress: Profitability Ratios and Liquidity Ratios, with Financial Statement Fraud as Moderating. Economic Education Analysis Journal, 12(2), 15-26.

    Wolfe, D. T., & Hermanson, D. R. (2004). The fraud diamond: Considering the four elements of fraud.

    Yesiariani, M., & Rahayu, I. (2017). Deteksi financial statement fraud: Pengujian dengan fraud diamond. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Auditing Indonesia, 21(1), 49.

    Yulianti, Y., Sari, R. N., Santoso, A., Ekdjaja, M., & Rorlen, R. (2024). Financial Statement Fraud Detection: The Hexagon Fraud Model Approach. Atestasi: Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi, 7(1), 674-686.

    Zubaidah, S. (2020). Praktik earning management dan pengaruhnya terhadap kompensasi bonus. Jurnal Akademi Akuntansi, 3(1), 100-117.

  1. Abbas, A. (2018). Earnings management in banking industry and its impact on the firm value. AKRUAL: Jurnal Akuntansi, 10(1), 69-84.
  2. Achyani, M. N., & Kusumawati, E. (2023). Pengaruh Profitability, Leverage, Liquidity, Dan Good Corporate Governance Terhadap Financial Distress. Jurnal Maneksi (Management Ekonomi Dan Akuntansi), 12(4), 899-908.
  3. Andrew, A., Candy, C., & Robin, R. (2022). Detecting fraudulent of financial statements using fraud score model and financial distress. International Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting Research (IJEBAR), 6(1), 696-707.
  4. Anisa, S., Shafitranata, S., MT, R. A., & Octavia, R. (2023). Pengaruh rasio keuangan terhadap financial distress perusahaan makanan dan minuman di Indonesia sebelum dan saat Covid-19. Nominal Barometer Riset Akuntansi dan Manajemen, 12(2), 166-176.
  5. Armour, J., & Skeel Jr, D. A. (2006). Who writes the rules for hostile takeovers, and why-the peculiar divergence of US and UK takeover regulation. Geo. LJ, 95, 1727.
  6. Asien, E. N. (2023). Relationship between intangible assets, called-out directors’ operational dichotomy and corporate financial performance. International Journal of Financial, Accounting, and Management, 5(2), 149-164.
  7. Ayem, S., Cahyaning, E. K., Sari, P. R., Sogen, A. H. A., Puspita, A., & Priambodo, D. (2023). Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Terjadinya Financial Distress. Reslaj: Religion Education Social Laa Roiba Journal, 5(6), 3057-3076.
  8. Bensaadi, I. (2023). Pengaruh Free Cash Flow, Konservatisme Akuntansi, dan Financial Distress Terhadap Earning Management Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Jurnal Akuntansi Malikussaleh (JAM), 2(3), 342-350.
  9. Bergh, D. D., Ketchen Jr, D. J., Orlandi, I., Heugens, P. P., & Boyd, B. K. (2019). Information asymmetry in management research: Past accomplishments and future opportunities. Journal of management, 45(1), 122-158.
  10. Bisogno, M., & De Luca, R. (2015). Financial distress and earnings manipulation: Evidence from Italian SMEs. Journal of Accounting and Finance.
  11. Biurrun, V., & Rudolf, M. (2010). The costs of bank earnings management. Available at SSRN 1569496.
  12. Buallay, A., Hamdan, A. M., Reyad, S., Badawi, S., & Madbouly, A. (2020). The efficiency of GCC banks: the role of intellectual capital. European Business Review, 32(3), 383-404.
  13. Cressey, D. (1953). Other people’s money; a study of the social psychology of embezzlement. Patterson Smith.
  14. Damayanti, F. (2022). Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Audit Report Lag Serta Dampaknya Terhadap Trading Volume Activity Pada Perusahaan Sektor Pertambangan Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Pada Tahun 2015-2020. ITB Ahmad Dahlan.
  15. Dechow, P. M., Sloan, R. G., & Sweeney, A. P. (1996). Causes and consequences of earnings manipulation: An analysis of firms subject to enforcement actions by the SEC. Contemporary accounting research, 13(1), 1-36.
  16. Egami, N., & Lee, D. D. I. (2024). Designing Multi-Site Studies for External Validity: Site Selection via Synthetic Purposive Sampling. Available at SSRN 4717330.
  17. Ferdian, R., Suryadi, E., & Safitri, H. (2018). Analisis Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR), Gross Profit Margin (GPM), dan Net Profit Margin (NPM) Terhadap Harga Saham Indeks PEFINDO-25. Jurnal Produktivitas: Jurnal Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Muhammadiyah Pontianak, 5(1).
  18. Gandhi, K. (2024). Financial distress, earnings benchmark and earnings management practices. Vision, 28(2), 171-192.
  19. Habib, A., Costa, M. D., Huang, H. J., Bhuiyan, M. B. U., & Sun, L. (2020). Determinants and consequences of financial distress: review of the empirical literature. Accounting & Finance, 60, 1023-1075.
  20. Hantono, H. (2021). Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pajak Perusahaan Pada Industri Dasar dan Kimia Yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis, Manajemen dan Akuntansi (JEBMA), 1(1), 41-53.
  21. Hardirmaningrum, A., & Rohman, A. (2023). Determinasi Teori Fraud Hexagon dan Karakteristik Komite Audit dalam Mendeteksi Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan. Jurnal Akademi Akuntansi, 6(4), 490-509.
  22. Hosen, M. N., & Nada, S. (2013). Pengukuran Tingkat Kesehatan dan Gejala Financial Distress Bank Umum Syariah. Jurnal Economia, 9(2), 215-226.
  23. Ilyas, M., Sari, E., & Umar, F. (2024). Financial Distress Analysis to Predict Company Bankruptcy Using the Modified Altman Method. Almana: Jurnal Manajemen Dan Bisnis, 8(1), 77-86.
  24. Ishak, J. F. (2024). The role of earnings quality in the impact of earnings management and leverage on firm value. International Journal of Financial, Accounting, and Management, 5(4), 419-428.
  25. Kazemian, S., Shauri, N. A. A., Sanusi, Z. M., Kamaluddin, A., & Shuhidan, S. M. (2017). Monitoring mechanisms and financial distress of public listed companies in Malaysia. Journal of International Studies, 10(1).
  26. Kurniawan, A., & Hermawan, A. A. (2017). The effect of earnings management on the probability of fraud and financial distress. Paper presented at the 6th International Accounting Conference (IAC 2017).
  27. Lee, T. A., Ingram, R. W., & Howard, T. P. (1999). The difference between earnings and operating cash flow as an indicator of financial reporting fraud. Contemporary accounting research, 16(4), 749-786.
  28. Lestari, F. (2023). Prediksi Finansial Distress pada Salah Satu Bank Konvensional Menggunakan Machine Learning. Indonesian Journal of Applied Mathematics, 3(1), 21-25.
  29. Maharanti, P., Yudi, & Friyani, R. (2024). Determination of the Fraud Hexagon on the Tendency of Fraudulent Financial Reporting in the Provinces of Indonesia.
  30. Mallinguh, E. B., & Zéman, Z. (2020). Financial distress, prediction, and strategies by firms: A systematic review of literature. Periodica Polytechnica Social and Management Sciences, 28(2), 162-176.
  31. Mamu, Y. T. L., & Damayanthi, I. (2018). Moderasi Kualitas Auditor Terhadap Pengaruh Leverage, Kepemilikan Manajerial, dan Kepemilikan Institusional Pada Manajemen Laba. E-Jurnal Akuntansi Universitas Udayana, 25(1), 272-299.
  32. Nugroho, A. A., Baridwan, Z., & Mardiati, E. (2018). Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Likuiditas, Leverage, dan Corpo-Rate Governance Terhadap Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan, Serta Financial Distress Sebagai Variabel Intervening. Media Trend, 13(2), 219-240.
  33. Paul, A., & Rakshit, D. (2020). Earnings management and financial distress: An analysis of Indian textile companies. Journal of Economics and Public Policy, 3, 40-53.
  34. Pratiwi, S. D., & Ghozali, I. (2022). Diamond Fraud Dimension Analysis in Detecting Financial Statement Fraud in Companies Manufacturers Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 5(1).
  35. Proença, J. F., & Mota de Castro, L. (2000). Cross boundary relationships in Portuguese banking and corporate financial services. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 18(7), 338-346.
  36. Putro, S. M. S., & Puspawati, D. Analysis of Fraud Financial Statement with Fraud Hexagon and Financial Distress.
  37. Rahayuningtyas, P., & Yanti, Y. (2023). Factors Affecting Financial Distress In Manufacturing Companies Listed On IDX. International Journal of Application on Economics and Business, 1(2), 861-870.
  38. Rashid, N., Afthanorhan, A., Yazid, A. S., Johari, R. J., Hamid, N. A., & Rasit, Z. A. (2018). The Causation Of The Financial Statement Manipulation Activities. International Journal Of Academic Research In Business And Social Sciences, 8(12).
  39. Reinhart, C. M. (2022). From health crisis to financial distress. IMF Economic Review, 70(1), 4.
  40. Salim, A. F., & Yanti, Y. (2023). Factors affecting financial distress in manufacturing companies listed on the IDX. International Journal of Application on Economics and Business, 1(2), 814-827.
  41. Sari, T. A., Sa’diyah, H., & Ainun, B. (2022). Financial Resources And Corporate Performance. Sustainable: Jurnal Akuntansi, 2(1), 98-116.
  42. Say, S. (2024). Determining Financial Distress With The Help Of The Altman Z-Score Model. Toplum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Dergisi, 5(2), 327-341.
  43. Shan, Y., Taylor, S., & Walter, T. (2013). Fundamentals or managerial discretion? The relationship between accrual variability and future stock return volatility. Abacus, 49(4), 441-475.
  44. Sholikatun, R., & Makaryanawati, M. (2023). Determinan Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan (Perspektif Fraud Hexagon Theory). EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Keuangan), 7(3), 328-350.
  45. Soekapdjo, S. (2020). Determinasi Kinerja Bank Umum Konvensioanal Di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Bisnis Dan Ekonomi Asia, 14(1), 35-45.
  46. Sudarno, S., & Di Asih, I. M. Penerapan Model Log-Logistik Proporsional Hazard Untuk Menentukan Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kondisi Financial Distress. Indonesian Journal of Applied Statistics, 6(2), 172-185.
  47. Sudiantini, D., Suryadinata, A., Rahayu, A. S., Aprilia, A. B., & Lestari, A. D. (2023). Ruang Lingkup Manajemen Keuangan Scope Of Financial Management. Jurnal Kajian dan Penelitian Umum, 1(3), 60-65.
  48. Suhadi, I. A. (2024). Impact of intellectual capital on financial performance with company size moderation. International Journal of Financial, Accounting, and Management, 6(1), 47-59.
  49. Sulistyorini, E., Isman, I., Sari, Y. E. I., & Bude, M. M. (2022). Providing education and financial literacy about stock investment planning for SMK PGRI Pandaan students. Abdimas: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Universitas Merdeka Malang, 7(3), 563-574.
  50. Tharu, N. K., & Shrestha, Y. M. (2019). The influence of bank size on profitability: An application of statistics. International Journal of Financial, Accounting, and Management, 1(2), 81-89.
  51. Umam, D. C., & Yusuf, Y. (2024). Determinants Of Financial Distress: Review Of The Aspects Of Profitability, Liquidity, Leverage, And ActivitY. International Journal Multidisciplinary Science, 3(1), 36-44.
  52. Vagner, L., Valaskova, K., Durana, P., & Lazaroiu, G. (2021). Earnings management: A bibliometric analysis. Economics & Sociology, 14(1), 249-262.
  53. Vousinas, G. L. (2019). Advancing theory of fraud: the SCORE model. Journal of Financial Crime, 26(1), 372-381.
  54. Wijayanto, E., Rois, M., Indrasari, L., & Widodo, S. (2022). Analisis Pengaruh Net Profit Margin (NPM), Return On Equity (ROE), Debt To Equity Ratio (DER) Dan Current Ratio (CR) Terhadap Earning Per Share (EPS) Pada Perusahaan Sektor Industri Barang Dan Konsumsi Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia PERIODE 2016-2020. Keunis, 10(2), 41-49.
  55. Winata, L. A., Suhartono, S., & Dema, Y. (2024). Evaluating the impact of hexagon fraud on potential financial statement fraud with audit quality as a moderator. Jurnal Ekonomi Perusahaan, 31(1), 84-106.
  56. Wisnu, F., & Astuti, D. P. (2023). Financial Distress: Profitability Ratios and Liquidity Ratios, with Financial Statement Fraud as Moderating. Economic Education Analysis Journal, 12(2), 15-26.
  57. Wolfe, D. T., & Hermanson, D. R. (2004). The fraud diamond: Considering the four elements of fraud.
  58. Yesiariani, M., & Rahayu, I. (2017). Deteksi financial statement fraud: Pengujian dengan fraud diamond. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Auditing Indonesia, 21(1), 49.
  59. Yulianti, Y., Sari, R. N., Santoso, A., Ekdjaja, M., & Rorlen, R. (2024). Financial Statement Fraud Detection: The Hexagon Fraud Model Approach. Atestasi: Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi, 7(1), 674-686.
  60. Zubaidah, S. (2020). Praktik earning management dan pengaruhnya terhadap kompensasi bonus. Jurnal Akademi Akuntansi, 3(1), 100-117.