Purpose: This study aims to determine the influence of interactivity perception, risk perception, visual appeal, and subjective norms on impulse purchase behavior, with satisfaction and perception of pleasure as intervening variables in e-wallet users in Indonesia. Methodology/approach: The approach used in this study is a quantitative approach. The data collection technique was by distributing online questionnaires to 300 respondents using Google Form. The sampling technique used a non-probability sampling technique using the purposive sampling method which was then processed using structural equation modeling SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) using the PLS program. Results/findings: This study found that the perception of interactivity, visual appeal, and subjective norms had a positive and significant effect on satisfaction and perception of pleasure. On the other hand, risk perception has a negative and significant effect on both. In addition, satisfaction and perception of pleasure also have a positive and significant effect on impulse buying behavior. Conclusions: Overall, the study confirms that both cognitive (satisfaction) and affective (enjoyment) responses play a crucial mediating role in transforming external stimuli into impulsive purchase decisions. The findings strengthen the application of the S-O-R framework in the digital financial context and provide both theoretical enrichment and managerial implications. Limitations: The limited number of respondents and the variables used were limited to perceived interactivity, perceived risk, visual appeal, subjective norms, satisfaction, and perceived enjoyment. Contribution: This study contributes to policymaking for e-wallet service providers in designing more effective marketing strategies focused on user experience.

Purpose: This study examines how non-interest income (NII) influences bank credit risk and how economic policy uncertainty (EPU) moderates that relationship Methodology/approach: Using panel data on ASEAN banks and a quantitative empirical approach, we include EPU as a moderating variable and control for the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), loan growth, and bank size Results/findings: The results indicate that higher NII significantly reduces non-performing loans, yet its protective effect weakens when EPU is elevated, suggesting that policy uncertainty erodes the risk-buffering benefits of income diversification. EPU itself directly increases credit risk, exposing banks to greater vulnerability during uncertain policy climates. CAR, loan growth, and bank size also exert significant effects on credit risk. Practically, banks should be more selective in pursuing non-interest revenue streams and reinforce credit-risk mitigation when policy uncertainty rises Conclusions: This study highlights the dual role of NII and EPU in shaping credit risk dynamics in ASEAN banks. While income diversification contributes to reducing credit risk, its effectiveness is contingent on the broader policy environment. Elevated policy uncertainty undermines the stabilizing effect of NII, thereby heightening banks’ vulnerabilities. Strengthening capital adequacy, prudent loan growth management, and strategic scaling remain essential for maintaining resilience. Policymakers and regulators should also recognize the destabilizing potential of policy uncertainty and design frameworks that foster clarity and stability in financial markets. Limitations: Future research could incorporate additional internal bank factors, qualitative insights, regulatory changes, and digitalisation trends. Contribution: This study enriches the empirical literature on income diversification and macroeconomic uncertainty within the ASEAN banking sector.