Peran Negara dalam Menjamin Kebebasan Berekspresi Menurut Konstitusi dan Hukum HAM

https://doi.org/10.35912/kihan.v4i1.4574
Published: Jun 5, 2025

Abstract:

Purpose: This study aims to critically analyze the role of the Indonesian state in guaranteeing freedom of expression as a constitutional and human right while examining the legal challenges and restrictions that hinder its implementation.

Methodology/approach: This research applies a normative legal method using a conceptual and statutory approach. This study is based on legal instruments such as the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE Law), the revised Criminal Code (KUHP), and international human rights standards, particularly the ICCPR. Relevant judicial decisions and academic legal doctrines were reviewed.

Results/findings: The findings indicate a normative gap between the constitutional guarantee of freedom of expression and the repressive implementation of sectoral regulations. Laws such as the ITE Law and the Criminal Code are frequently misused to criminalize criticism, especially on digital platforms, thus undermining democratic principles.

Conclutions: The state plays a dual roleas both protector and limiter of freedom of expression. However, an imbalance in the exercise of these roles has led to systematic human rights violations. Legal harmonization and stricter adherence to international standards are urgently required.

Limitations: This study is limited to normative analysis and does not include empirical data or case studies involving victims of expression-related repression.

Contribution: This study contributes to the legal scholarship on constitutional rights, particularly in the field of freedom of expression and democratic governance. It may benefit researchers, legal reform advocates, policymakers, and human rights institutions concerned with freedom of speech in Indonesia and other democratic legal systems.

Keywords:
1. Constitutional Guarantee
2. Freedom of Expression
3. Human Rights Law
4. Legal Restriction
5. State’s Role
Authors:
Rudi Natamiharja
View PDF
How to Cite
Natamiharja, R. (2025). Peran Negara dalam Menjamin Kebebasan Berekspresi Menurut Konstitusi dan Hukum HAM. Kajian Ilmiah Hukum Dan Kenegaraan, 4(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.35912/kihan.v4i1.4574
Download Citation
  1. Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
  2. BibTeX

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
Issue & Section
Vol. 4 No. 1 (2025): Juni
Articles
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

References

    (Pasal 28I ayat 1).

    (Pasal 28J ayat 2).

    (Putusan MK No. 50/PUU-VI/2008).

    Andrias, M. Y., Tuharea, F., Aituru, Y. P., Irsan, I., & Apripari, A. (2023). Perlindungan Hak Jurnalis Terkait Ujaran Kebencian dalam Hukum Positif Indonesia. Al-Mizan (e-Journal), 19(1), 79-104. https://doi.org/10.30603/am.v19i1.3449

    Anzari, M., Ikhwan, M., & Syukriah, S. (2024). Inclusive development in rural Indonesia: Actualizing disability rights in Lheu Eu Village. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 5(1), 23-35. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v5i1.2318

    Armia, M. S. (2022). Penentuan Metode Pendekatan Penelitian Hukum: Lembaga Kajian Konstitusi Indonesia (LKKI).

    George, A. A. (2021). Social and cultural influences and their implications for sustainable tourism: A case study of Trinidad & Tobago's tourism and the growth of the LGBTQ traveler segment. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 2(3), 147-157. https://doi.org/10.35912/joste.v2i3.554

    Hairi, P. J. (2022). Menyerang Kehormatan Atau Harkat Dan Martabat Presiden: Urgensi Pengaturan Vis-a-Vis Kebebasan Berekspresi Dan Kebebasan Pers. Negara Hukum: Membangun Hukum Untuk Keadilan Dan Kesejahteraan, 13(2), 145-165. doi: 10.22212/jnh.v13i2.3248

    Hasan, S. (2025). Pertimbangan Hakim dalam Memberikan Putusan pada Kasus Pembunuhan Begal untuk Melindungi Diri. Kajian Ilmiah Hukum dan Kenegaraan, 3(2), 97-106. doi:10.35912/kihan.v3i2.5026

    ICCPR, ((Article 19).

    ICCPR, Article 19, ((UU No. 12 Tahun 2005).

    Jaya, I., Sagala, P., & Ridho, M. A. (2024). Legal analysis of civil law settlement in the perspective of criminal legal settlement (Case Study of Military Court Decision I-05 Pontianak Number: 46K/PM. I-05/AD/IX/2021). Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Business Studies, 2(1), 147-167. https://doi.org/10.35912/jomaps.v2i4.2546

    Marzuki, P. M. M. (2013). Penelitian Hukum, ed Revisi: Cet.

    Medlimo, R. A., Septania, A. D., Hapsari, H. O., Zuleika, M. F., & Agustin, T. (2022). Measuring the future of NFT as digital asset in realizing economic revitalization. Annals of Justice and Humanity, 1(2), 59-67. https://doi.org/10.35912/ajh.v1i2.1503

    Munir, S., & Ilham, L. (2022). Adjustments to Community Organization Law: Implications for Freedom of Association, Assembly, and Expression. Constitutionale, 3(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.25041/constitutionale.v3i1.2507

    Nono, J. D. B. S., & Dollu, D. Y. (2025). Komitmen dan Realitas: Menjawab Defisit Perlindungan terhadap Anak Pengungsi Tanpa Pendamping di Indonesia. Kajian Ilmiah Hukum dan Kenegaraan, 3(2), 69-78. doi:10.35912/kihan.v3i2.5020

    Points, F. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).

    Puspitasari, D. R., & Robo, B. D. (2024). Relevansi Filsafat Ilmu Hukum Dalam Pembentukan Metode Penelitian Hukum (Suatu Tinjauan Terhadap Pengaruh Konsep Filosofis Dalam Pengembangan Penelitian Hukum Kontemporer). Khairun Law Journal, 8(1), 17-29. https://doi.org/10.33387/klj.v8i1.8906

    Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi, ((No. 50/PUU-VI/2008).

    Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi, ((Nomor 013-022/PUU-IV/2006).

    Rachmadi, M. R., & Dollu, D. Y. (2025). Tujuan Pemidanaan dalam Penjatuhan Pidana Tambahan Pembayaran Uang Pengganti Tindak Pidana Korupsi. Kajian Ilmiah Hukum dan Kenegaraan, 3(2), 79-96. doi:10.35912/kihan.v3i2.5021

    Radja, V. M. (2025). Penerapan Hukum Responsif terhadap Tindak Pidana Korupsi Studi Kasus Putusan Nomor: 56/PID.SUS-TPK/2017/PN.KPG. Kajian Ilmiah Hukum dan Kenegaraan, 3(2), 107-117. doi:10.35912/kihan.v3i2.5027

    Solikin, N. (2021). Pengatar Metodelogi Penelitia Hukum: CV. Penerbit Qiara Media.

    Sonata, D. L. (2014). Metode Penelitian Hukum Normatif dan Empiris: Karakteristik Khas dari Metode Meneliti Hukum. FIAT JUSTISIA: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 8 (1), 15–35. C:/Users/User/Downloads/283-Article Text-1238-2-10-20151116. pdf. https://doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v8no1.283

    Tibaka, L., & Rosdian, R. (2018). The Protection of human rights in Indonesian constitutional law after the amendment of the 1945 constitution of the republic of Indonesia. FIAT JUSTISIA: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 11(3), 266-288. https://doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v11no3.1141

    UN, F. z. Z. (2011). General Comment No. 34. Article 19: Freedoms of opinion and expression. UN Dok. Retrieved from

    UU No. 11 Tahun 2008, (UU No. 19 Tahun 2016 tentang ITE).

    UU No. 16 Tahun 2017, ((Penetapan Perppu No. 2 Tahun 2017 tentang Ormas).

    UUD NRI 1945, ((Pasal 28E ayat 3).

    UUD NRI 1945, ((Pasal 28I ayat 4).

    Yanova, M. H., Komarudin, P., & Hadi, H. (2023). Metode Penelitian Hukum: Analisis Problematika Hukum Dengan Metode Penelitian Normatif Dan Empiris. Badamai Law Journal, 8(2), 394-408. http://dx.doi.org/10.32801/damai.v8i2.17423

    Yussoff, S. F. B. C., & Nordin, R. (2021). Freedom of expression in Malaysia: Compatibility with the international human rights standard. Bestuur, 9(1), 34-42. https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v9i1.51637

    Zaini, A. Z., & Wibowo, A. (2021). Analisis Terhadap Pembatasan Perlindungan Hak Kebebasan Berekspresi Dalam Media Sosial Menurut Hukum HAM Internasional. Reformasi Hukum Trisakti, 3(1), 12-29. https://doi.org/10.25105/refor.v3i1.10274

    Zairina, S., Wibisono, C., Ngaliman, N., Indrayani, I., & Satriawan, B. (2023). The influence of product quality, prices, and promotions on buyer decisions in the Small and Medium industry handicrafts of Tanjungpinang City. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Business Studies, 1(1), 13-25. https://doi.org/10.35912/jomabs.v1i1.1778

    Zakaria, D., & Dwicahyo, D. F. (2022). Internet Access Restrictions In Papua; Government Policy And Violations Against Press Freedom. Lampung Journal of International Law, 4(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.25041/lajil.v4i1.2104

    Zulfikar, A. W. (2024). Relevansi Hukum Keluarga Islam dalam Tantangan Perkawinan Beda Agama di Era Modern. Kajian Ilmiah Hukum dan Kenegaraan, 3(2), 119-127. doi:10.35912/kihan.v3i2.4869

  1. (Pasal 28I ayat 1).
  2. (Pasal 28J ayat 2).
  3. (Putusan MK No. 50/PUU-VI/2008).
  4. Andrias, M. Y., Tuharea, F., Aituru, Y. P., Irsan, I., & Apripari, A. (2023). Perlindungan Hak Jurnalis Terkait Ujaran Kebencian dalam Hukum Positif Indonesia. Al-Mizan (e-Journal), 19(1), 79-104. https://doi.org/10.30603/am.v19i1.3449
  5. Anzari, M., Ikhwan, M., & Syukriah, S. (2024). Inclusive development in rural Indonesia: Actualizing disability rights in Lheu Eu Village. Journal of Social, Humanity, and Education, 5(1), 23-35. https://doi.org/10.35912/jshe.v5i1.2318
  6. Armia, M. S. (2022). Penentuan Metode Pendekatan Penelitian Hukum: Lembaga Kajian Konstitusi Indonesia (LKKI).
  7. George, A. A. (2021). Social and cultural influences and their implications for sustainable tourism: A case study of Trinidad & Tobago's tourism and the growth of the LGBTQ traveler segment. Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Entrepreneurship, 2(3), 147-157. https://doi.org/10.35912/joste.v2i3.554
  8. Hairi, P. J. (2022). Menyerang Kehormatan Atau Harkat Dan Martabat Presiden: Urgensi Pengaturan Vis-a-Vis Kebebasan Berekspresi Dan Kebebasan Pers. Negara Hukum: Membangun Hukum Untuk Keadilan Dan Kesejahteraan, 13(2), 145-165. doi: 10.22212/jnh.v13i2.3248
  9. Hasan, S. (2025). Pertimbangan Hakim dalam Memberikan Putusan pada Kasus Pembunuhan Begal untuk Melindungi Diri. Kajian Ilmiah Hukum dan Kenegaraan, 3(2), 97-106. doi:10.35912/kihan.v3i2.5026
  10. ICCPR, ((Article 19).
  11. ICCPR, Article 19, ((UU No. 12 Tahun 2005).
  12. Jaya, I., Sagala, P., & Ridho, M. A. (2024). Legal analysis of civil law settlement in the perspective of criminal legal settlement (Case Study of Military Court Decision I-05 Pontianak Number: 46K/PM. I-05/AD/IX/2021). Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Business Studies, 2(1), 147-167. https://doi.org/10.35912/jomaps.v2i4.2546
  13. Marzuki, P. M. M. (2013). Penelitian Hukum, ed Revisi: Cet.
  14. Medlimo, R. A., Septania, A. D., Hapsari, H. O., Zuleika, M. F., & Agustin, T. (2022). Measuring the future of NFT as digital asset in realizing economic revitalization. Annals of Justice and Humanity, 1(2), 59-67. https://doi.org/10.35912/ajh.v1i2.1503
  15. Munir, S., & Ilham, L. (2022). Adjustments to Community Organization Law: Implications for Freedom of Association, Assembly, and Expression. Constitutionale, 3(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.25041/constitutionale.v3i1.2507
  16. Nono, J. D. B. S., & Dollu, D. Y. (2025). Komitmen dan Realitas: Menjawab Defisit Perlindungan terhadap Anak Pengungsi Tanpa Pendamping di Indonesia. Kajian Ilmiah Hukum dan Kenegaraan, 3(2), 69-78. doi:10.35912/kihan.v3i2.5020
  17. Points, F. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).
  18. Puspitasari, D. R., & Robo, B. D. (2024). Relevansi Filsafat Ilmu Hukum Dalam Pembentukan Metode Penelitian Hukum (Suatu Tinjauan Terhadap Pengaruh Konsep Filosofis Dalam Pengembangan Penelitian Hukum Kontemporer). Khairun Law Journal, 8(1), 17-29. https://doi.org/10.33387/klj.v8i1.8906
  19. Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi, ((No. 50/PUU-VI/2008).
  20. Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi, ((Nomor 013-022/PUU-IV/2006).
  21. Rachmadi, M. R., & Dollu, D. Y. (2025). Tujuan Pemidanaan dalam Penjatuhan Pidana Tambahan Pembayaran Uang Pengganti Tindak Pidana Korupsi. Kajian Ilmiah Hukum dan Kenegaraan, 3(2), 79-96. doi:10.35912/kihan.v3i2.5021
  22. Radja, V. M. (2025). Penerapan Hukum Responsif terhadap Tindak Pidana Korupsi Studi Kasus Putusan Nomor: 56/PID.SUS-TPK/2017/PN.KPG. Kajian Ilmiah Hukum dan Kenegaraan, 3(2), 107-117. doi:10.35912/kihan.v3i2.5027
  23. Solikin, N. (2021). Pengatar Metodelogi Penelitia Hukum: CV. Penerbit Qiara Media.
  24. Sonata, D. L. (2014). Metode Penelitian Hukum Normatif dan Empiris: Karakteristik Khas dari Metode Meneliti Hukum. FIAT JUSTISIA: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 8 (1), 15–35. C:/Users/User/Downloads/283-Article Text-1238-2-10-20151116. pdf. https://doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v8no1.283
  25. Tibaka, L., & Rosdian, R. (2018). The Protection of human rights in Indonesian constitutional law after the amendment of the 1945 constitution of the republic of Indonesia. FIAT JUSTISIA: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 11(3), 266-288. https://doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v11no3.1141
  26. UN, F. z. Z. (2011). General Comment No. 34. Article 19: Freedoms of opinion and expression. UN Dok. Retrieved from
  27. UU No. 11 Tahun 2008, (UU No. 19 Tahun 2016 tentang ITE).
  28. UU No. 16 Tahun 2017, ((Penetapan Perppu No. 2 Tahun 2017 tentang Ormas).
  29. UUD NRI 1945, ((Pasal 28E ayat 3).
  30. UUD NRI 1945, ((Pasal 28I ayat 4).
  31. Yanova, M. H., Komarudin, P., & Hadi, H. (2023). Metode Penelitian Hukum: Analisis Problematika Hukum Dengan Metode Penelitian Normatif Dan Empiris. Badamai Law Journal, 8(2), 394-408. http://dx.doi.org/10.32801/damai.v8i2.17423
  32. Yussoff, S. F. B. C., & Nordin, R. (2021). Freedom of expression in Malaysia: Compatibility with the international human rights standard. Bestuur, 9(1), 34-42. https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v9i1.51637
  33. Zaini, A. Z., & Wibowo, A. (2021). Analisis Terhadap Pembatasan Perlindungan Hak Kebebasan Berekspresi Dalam Media Sosial Menurut Hukum HAM Internasional. Reformasi Hukum Trisakti, 3(1), 12-29. https://doi.org/10.25105/refor.v3i1.10274
  34. Zairina, S., Wibisono, C., Ngaliman, N., Indrayani, I., & Satriawan, B. (2023). The influence of product quality, prices, and promotions on buyer decisions in the Small and Medium industry handicrafts of Tanjungpinang City. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Business Studies, 1(1), 13-25. https://doi.org/10.35912/jomabs.v1i1.1778
  35. Zakaria, D., & Dwicahyo, D. F. (2022). Internet Access Restrictions In Papua; Government Policy And Violations Against Press Freedom. Lampung Journal of International Law, 4(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.25041/lajil.v4i1.2104
  36. Zulfikar, A. W. (2024). Relevansi Hukum Keluarga Islam dalam Tantangan Perkawinan Beda Agama di Era Modern. Kajian Ilmiah Hukum dan Kenegaraan, 3(2), 119-127. doi:10.35912/kihan.v3i2.4869