Distribusi Upah Terhadap Produktivitas Kerja dan Kerja Sama dalam Ekonomi Islam
Abstract:
Purpose: This study examines the influence of work experience, productivity, and collaborative work on wage dispersion from an Islamic economic perspective, with a focus on Andalas Surya Gemilang Mini Plant workers. This study evaluates how these factors affect wage dispersion and provides insights into the principles of Islamic economics.
Methodology: A descriptive quantitative approach was used, involving 109 workers from the Mini Plant Andalas Surya Gemilang. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using SmartPLS 3 for structural equation modelling. The hypotheses were tested using regression analysis to evaluate the influence of work experience, productivity, and collaborative work on wage dispersion.
Results: This study found that Work experience and collaborative work had no significant effect on wage dispersion, while productivity had a significant effect. The combination of these three factors significantly contributes to wage dispersion. Conclusions: This study found that productivity significantly affects wage dispersion at Mini Plant Andalas Surya Gemilang, whereas work experience and collaboration have fewer direct effects. Combining these factors contributes to the wage gap.
Limitations: This research is limited to one organization, the Andalas Surya Gemilang Mini Plant, which may limit the generalization of the results to other industries. Future research could expand this scope to other sectors for greater insight.
Contributions: This study provides practical recommendations for companies to consider work experience and productivity in designing compensation systems that motivate employees and encourage collaboration, in line with Islamic values that emphasize justice and welfare.
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Andresen, M., Lazarova, M., Apospori, E., Cotton, R., Bosak, J., Dickmann, M., Kaše, R., & Smale, A. (2022). Does international work experience pay off?? The relationship between international work experience , employability and career success?: A 30-country , multi-industry study. November 2019, 698–721. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12423
Asiva Noor Rachmayani. (2015). Collaborative Governance.
Aslam, M., Shafi, I., Ahmed, J., de Marin, M. S. G., Flores, E. S., Gutiérrez, M. A. R., & Ashraf, I. (2023). Impact of Innovation-Oriented Human Resource on Small and Medium Enterprises’ Performance. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076273
Biesebroeck, J. Van. (2015). How tight is the link between wages and productivity? A survey of the literature. International Labour Office, 54, 1–46.
Blake, N. (2024). Leadership and Staff Working Collaboratively to Develop Appropriate Staffing Guidelines. 35(2), 173–179.
Borjas, G. J. (2016). Labor Economic ((Seventh)). The MacGrow-Hill Companies.
Bormans Dkk. (2023). Productivity dispersion, wage dispersion and superstar firms. Economica, 90(360), 1145–1172. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12490
Cahyaningsih, C. (2023). The Role of Work Experience and User Capabilities in Improving Accounting Information Systems Effectiveness. 4011–4016. https://doi.org/10.46254/ap03.20220647
Cortes, G. M., & Tschopp, J. (2024). Rising concentration and wage inequality. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 126(2), 320–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12547
de Oliveira, C., Saka, M., Bone, L., & Jacobs, R. (2023). The Role of Mental Health on Workplace Productivity: A Critical Review of the Literature. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, 21(2), 167–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-022-00761-w
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Garicano, L., Gibbons, B., Hoffman, M., Parent, D., Paserman, D., Skans, O. N., & Stranton, C. (n.d.). Minimum Wage and Individual Worker Productivity?: Evidence from a Large US Retailer Decio Coviello Erika Deserranno Nicola Persico. 130(9).
Gasion, G., Frissly, E., & Doxa, V. (2023). Work Skills and Work Experience on the Performance of Search Office Employees. 3(1).
Gottfries, A., & Teulings, C. (2023). Returns to on-the-job search and wage dispersion. Labour Economics, 80(March 2022), 102292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102292
Gujarati. (2021). Essentials of Econometrics. In The Economic Journal (Vol. 82, Issue 326). https://doi.org/10.2307/2230043
Joko Suprianto, Adi Susilo Jahja, & Saripudin. (2023). The Effect of Work Discipline, Work Experience and Turnover Intention on Employee Performance at PT. Permodalan Nasional Madani Banjarmasin Branch Office. Formosa Journal of Sustainable Research, 2(4), 791–810. https://doi.org/10.55927/fjsr.v2i4.3784
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Khatib, M. El, Kherbash, A., Qassimi, A. Al, & Mheiri, K. Al. (2022). How Can Collaborative Work and Collaborative Systems Drive Operational Excellence in Project Management?? 297–307. https://doi.org/10.4236/jssm.2022.153017
Kunarti, S., Handayani, S. W., Ardhanariswari, R., & Faisal. (2024). Perspective of Employment Relations and Wages in Labor Law and Islamic Law. Samarah, 8(1), 386–402. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v8i1.17045
Kurniawan, M., Sisdianto, E., & Mustofa, U. A. (2022). Pengaruh Bid-Ask Spread, Market Value dan Dividend Payout Ratio Terhadap Holding Period pada Perusahaan Jakarta Islamic Index Periode 2017-2019. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, 8(1), 607. https://doi.org/10.29040/jiei.v8i1.4059
Mariqom Harahap, S., Imsar, I., Jannah, N., & Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, U. (2024). Analysis of Employee Welfare Issues at CV. Anugrah Bersama Cahaya Bookstore using the Perspective of Maqosid Syariah. 5(3), 299–309. https://doi.org/10.35912/jakman.v5i3.3441
Medase, S. K., & Savin, I. (2024). Creativity, innovation and employment growth in sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 15(2), 224–247. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJEMS-02-2022-0074
Merrylien Rayo, N., Fabiola Rayo, E., & Ronald Sumanti, E. (2024). Analyzing Cost Efficiency Elements in Virtual Teams Application?: A Systematic Review. Jurnal Akuntansi, Keuangan, Dan Manajemen, 6(1), 263–277. https://doi.org/10.35912/jakman.v6i1.3728
Mintardjo, C. M. O. (2023). The Influence Of Self-Efficacy, Job Description And Work Culture On Employee Work Productivity At PT. Sari Tuna Makmur Bitung. Jurnal Emba, 11(4), 450–461.
Munif, N. R., & Firmansyah, A. (2024). Peran Efektivitas Penggunaan Dana pada Hubungan Antara Kinerja Keuangan dan Tingkat Kemandirian Keuangan Rumah Sakit. Jurnal Akuntansi, Keuangan, Dan Manajemen, 6(1), 245–261. https://doi.org/10.35912/jakman.v6i1.3328
Napitupulu, B. E., Dewi, S., & Wijaya, A. (2023). The Effect Of Work Experience, Profesionalism And Remote Audit On Audit Quality. International Journal of Informatics, Economics, Management and Science, 2(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.52362/ijiems.v2i1.999
Nyoman, I., Sutaguna, T., Yusuf, M., Ardianto, R., & Wartono, P. (2023). The Effect Of Competence, Work Experience, Work Environment, And Work Discipline On Employee Performance. Journal of Management Entrepreneurship and Social Science, 03(01), 367–381.
Okto, J., Yudhinanto, Y., Alie, M. S., Surya, A., Desmon, D., & Vilta, E. T. O. (2024). Efek Mediasi Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan pada Pengaruh Gaya Kepemimpinan dan Budaya Organisasi terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Pada PT. Laundry Pro. Jurnal Akuntansi, Keuangan, Dan Manajemen, 6(1), 61–79. https://doi.org/10.35912/jakman.v6i1.3337
Pajrin, Z. N., Syamsuri, Abd. R., Nasution, L., & Ichsan, R. N. (2022). Influence of the Wage System, Work Environment and Welfare Benefits on Employee Work Productivity. International Journal of Business, Technology and Organizational Behavior (IJBTOB), 2(6), 646–656. https://doi.org/10.52218/ijbtob.v2i6.235
Pfeffer, J., & Langton, N. (2022). The Effect of Wage Dispersion on Satisfaction, Productivity, and Working Collaboratively: Evidence from College and University Faculty. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38(3), 382. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393373
Rahmadani, D. S., & Alam, I. A. (2024). the Effect of Work Discipline, Internal Environment and Employee Satisfaction on Employee Productivity Cv. Langgeng Propertindo. Transekonomika: Akuntansi, Bisnis Dan Keuangan, 4(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.55047/transekonomika.v4i1.588
Rahmi, J., & Riyanto. (2022). The Impact of Minimum Wage on Labor Productivity: Evidence from Indonesian Manufacturing Industry. Jurnal Ekonomi & Kebijakan Publik, 13(1), 1–12.
Rikaltra, B. T. P., & Soesilowati, E. (2023). The Effect of Human Resource Quality and Technological and Market Accesses on Creative Economy Development in Indonesia. Saudi Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(03), 174–183. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjef.2023.v07i03.007
Roeser, J., Bayliss, N., Blom, M., Croney, R., Lanman, L., Laks, J., Lyons, M., Proulx, L., Tsatali, M., Westerlund, K., & Georges, J. (2024). Insights and recommendations for working collaboratively and improving care in Alzheimer’s disease: Learnings from the Finding Alzheimer’s Solutions Together (F.A.S.T.) Council. Health Expectations, 27(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.14040
Rozi, Y. F., Aslami, N., & Dharma, B. (2024). Analysis of Demand Volume, Material Supply, and Work Hours against Delta Power Listrindo CV Production Performance. Jurnal Akuntansi, Keuangan, Dan Manajemen, 5(3), 279–285. https://doi.org/10.35912/jakman.v5i3.3285
Sahputri, A., Aslami, N., & Dharma, B. (2023). Analysis of Human Resources Development Strategy in Increasing Employee Productivity at PMKS PT. Pandawa’s Ray. JESI (Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Indonesia), 13(2), 378. https://doi.org/10.21927/jesi.2023.13(2).358-371
Santoso, A. (2022). Rumus Slovin: Panacea Masalah Ukuran Sampel. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(1), 1–14.
Santoso, R. P. (2012). Ekonomi Sumber Daya Manusia dan Ketenagakerjaan (Edisi 1). UPP STIM YKPN.
Sarhan, W. A. I., & Rosman, A. S. (2022). Criteria And Bases For Determining Wages In Islamic Economic Thought And Its Economic Effects On Distribution And Achieving Social Security. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(6), 2177–2195.
Simanjuntak, P. J. (2011). Manajemen & Evaluasi Kinerja (Edisi 3). Universitas Indonesia.
Sisdianto, E., Fitri, A., Isnaini, D., Islam, U., Raden, N., Lampung, I., Id, A. A., Id, D. A., Jurnal, F., Keuangan, I., & Perbankan, D. (2021). Penerapan Pembayaran Zakat Digital Dalam Presfektif Ekonomi Islam(Cashless Society). 4(2).
Sugiyono. (2022a). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif. Alfabeta.
Sugiyono. (2022b). Metodologi Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R & D.
Tzanakou, C., Cattani, L., Luchinskaya, D., & Pedrini, G. (2021). Internships, Employability and the Search for Decent Work Experience. In Internships, Employability and the Search for Decent Work Experience. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800885042.00012
Vejlin, R., & Veramendi, G. F. (2023). Sufficient statistics for frictional wage dispersion and growth. Quantitative Economics, 14(3), 935–979. https://doi.org/10.3982/qe1485
Widiastuti, T., Mawardi, I., Zulaikha, S., Herianingrum, S., Robani, A., Al Mustofa, M. U., & Atiya, N. (2022). The nexus between Islamic social finance, quality of human resource, governance, and poverty. Heliyon, 8(12), e11885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11885
Wildan, T. (2022). Islamic Law Thought: The Concept of Wages for Workers According to Syafi’iyah Fiqh and Positive Law. Al - Muamalat: Jurnal Hukum Dan Ekonomi Syariah, 7(2), 95–116. https://doi.org/10.32505/muamalat.v7i2.5041
Yasmeen, K. (2023). Justice in the workplace: Islamic principles for wage determination. Islamic Economic Studies, 31(1/2), 43–87. https://doi.org/10.1108/ies-03-2023-0011
- Andresen, M., Lazarova, M., Apospori, E., Cotton, R., Bosak, J., Dickmann, M., Kaše, R., & Smale, A. (2022). Does international work experience pay off?? The relationship between international work experience , employability and career success?: A 30-country , multi-industry study. November 2019, 698–721. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12423
- Asiva Noor Rachmayani. (2015). Collaborative Governance.
- Aslam, M., Shafi, I., Ahmed, J., de Marin, M. S. G., Flores, E. S., Gutiérrez, M. A. R., & Ashraf, I. (2023). Impact of Innovation-Oriented Human Resource on Small and Medium Enterprises’ Performance. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076273
- Biesebroeck, J. Van. (2015). How tight is the link between wages and productivity? A survey of the literature. International Labour Office, 54, 1–46.
- Blake, N. (2024). Leadership and Staff Working Collaboratively to Develop Appropriate Staffing Guidelines. 35(2), 173–179.
- Borjas, G. J. (2016). Labor Economic ((Seventh)). The MacGrow-Hill Companies.
- Bormans Dkk. (2023). Productivity dispersion, wage dispersion and superstar firms. Economica, 90(360), 1145–1172. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12490
- Cahyaningsih, C. (2023). The Role of Work Experience and User Capabilities in Improving Accounting Information Systems Effectiveness. 4011–4016. https://doi.org/10.46254/ap03.20220647
- Cortes, G. M., & Tschopp, J. (2024). Rising concentration and wage inequality. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 126(2), 320–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12547
- de Oliveira, C., Saka, M., Bone, L., & Jacobs, R. (2023). The Role of Mental Health on Workplace Productivity: A Critical Review of the Literature. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, 21(2), 167–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-022-00761-w
- Edison, Y. A. (2016). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia (Edisi 1). Alfabeta.
- Escovi, J. A. D. V, Inkley, H. E. M. B., & Erksick, C. H. A. D. M. K. (2023). Wage Dispersion And Sports Performance: Does Gender Matter. In Strength And Conditioning (Vol. 18, Issue 2).
- Garicano, L., Gibbons, B., Hoffman, M., Parent, D., Paserman, D., Skans, O. N., & Stranton, C. (n.d.). Minimum Wage and Individual Worker Productivity?: Evidence from a Large US Retailer Decio Coviello Erika Deserranno Nicola Persico. 130(9).
- Gasion, G., Frissly, E., & Doxa, V. (2023). Work Skills and Work Experience on the Performance of Search Office Employees. 3(1).
- Gottfries, A., & Teulings, C. (2023). Returns to on-the-job search and wage dispersion. Labour Economics, 80(March 2022), 102292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102292
- Gujarati. (2021). Essentials of Econometrics. In The Economic Journal (Vol. 82, Issue 326). https://doi.org/10.2307/2230043
- Joko Suprianto, Adi Susilo Jahja, & Saripudin. (2023). The Effect of Work Discipline, Work Experience and Turnover Intention on Employee Performance at PT. Permodalan Nasional Madani Banjarmasin Branch Office. Formosa Journal of Sustainable Research, 2(4), 791–810. https://doi.org/10.55927/fjsr.v2i4.3784
- Katz, L. (2013). Theories?: E ficiency Wage A Partial. 1(1986), 235–276.
- Khatib, M. El, Kherbash, A., Qassimi, A. Al, & Mheiri, K. Al. (2022). How Can Collaborative Work and Collaborative Systems Drive Operational Excellence in Project Management?? 297–307. https://doi.org/10.4236/jssm.2022.153017
- Kunarti, S., Handayani, S. W., Ardhanariswari, R., & Faisal. (2024). Perspective of Employment Relations and Wages in Labor Law and Islamic Law. Samarah, 8(1), 386–402. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v8i1.17045
- Kurniawan, M., Sisdianto, E., & Mustofa, U. A. (2022). Pengaruh Bid-Ask Spread, Market Value dan Dividend Payout Ratio Terhadap Holding Period pada Perusahaan Jakarta Islamic Index Periode 2017-2019. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, 8(1), 607. https://doi.org/10.29040/jiei.v8i1.4059
- Mariqom Harahap, S., Imsar, I., Jannah, N., & Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, U. (2024). Analysis of Employee Welfare Issues at CV. Anugrah Bersama Cahaya Bookstore using the Perspective of Maqosid Syariah. 5(3), 299–309. https://doi.org/10.35912/jakman.v5i3.3441
- Medase, S. K., & Savin, I. (2024). Creativity, innovation and employment growth in sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 15(2), 224–247. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJEMS-02-2022-0074
- Merrylien Rayo, N., Fabiola Rayo, E., & Ronald Sumanti, E. (2024). Analyzing Cost Efficiency Elements in Virtual Teams Application?: A Systematic Review. Jurnal Akuntansi, Keuangan, Dan Manajemen, 6(1), 263–277. https://doi.org/10.35912/jakman.v6i1.3728
- Mintardjo, C. M. O. (2023). The Influence Of Self-Efficacy, Job Description And Work Culture On Employee Work Productivity At PT. Sari Tuna Makmur Bitung. Jurnal Emba, 11(4), 450–461.
- Munif, N. R., & Firmansyah, A. (2024). Peran Efektivitas Penggunaan Dana pada Hubungan Antara Kinerja Keuangan dan Tingkat Kemandirian Keuangan Rumah Sakit. Jurnal Akuntansi, Keuangan, Dan Manajemen, 6(1), 245–261. https://doi.org/10.35912/jakman.v6i1.3328
- Napitupulu, B. E., Dewi, S., & Wijaya, A. (2023). The Effect Of Work Experience, Profesionalism And Remote Audit On Audit Quality. International Journal of Informatics, Economics, Management and Science, 2(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.52362/ijiems.v2i1.999
- Nyoman, I., Sutaguna, T., Yusuf, M., Ardianto, R., & Wartono, P. (2023). The Effect Of Competence, Work Experience, Work Environment, And Work Discipline On Employee Performance. Journal of Management Entrepreneurship and Social Science, 03(01), 367–381.
- Okto, J., Yudhinanto, Y., Alie, M. S., Surya, A., Desmon, D., & Vilta, E. T. O. (2024). Efek Mediasi Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan pada Pengaruh Gaya Kepemimpinan dan Budaya Organisasi terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Pada PT. Laundry Pro. Jurnal Akuntansi, Keuangan, Dan Manajemen, 6(1), 61–79. https://doi.org/10.35912/jakman.v6i1.3337
- Pajrin, Z. N., Syamsuri, Abd. R., Nasution, L., & Ichsan, R. N. (2022). Influence of the Wage System, Work Environment and Welfare Benefits on Employee Work Productivity. International Journal of Business, Technology and Organizational Behavior (IJBTOB), 2(6), 646–656. https://doi.org/10.52218/ijbtob.v2i6.235
- Pfeffer, J., & Langton, N. (2022). The Effect of Wage Dispersion on Satisfaction, Productivity, and Working Collaboratively: Evidence from College and University Faculty. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38(3), 382. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393373
- Rahmadani, D. S., & Alam, I. A. (2024). the Effect of Work Discipline, Internal Environment and Employee Satisfaction on Employee Productivity Cv. Langgeng Propertindo. Transekonomika: Akuntansi, Bisnis Dan Keuangan, 4(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.55047/transekonomika.v4i1.588
- Rahmi, J., & Riyanto. (2022). The Impact of Minimum Wage on Labor Productivity: Evidence from Indonesian Manufacturing Industry. Jurnal Ekonomi & Kebijakan Publik, 13(1), 1–12.
- Rikaltra, B. T. P., & Soesilowati, E. (2023). The Effect of Human Resource Quality and Technological and Market Accesses on Creative Economy Development in Indonesia. Saudi Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(03), 174–183. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjef.2023.v07i03.007
- Roeser, J., Bayliss, N., Blom, M., Croney, R., Lanman, L., Laks, J., Lyons, M., Proulx, L., Tsatali, M., Westerlund, K., & Georges, J. (2024). Insights and recommendations for working collaboratively and improving care in Alzheimer’s disease: Learnings from the Finding Alzheimer’s Solutions Together (F.A.S.T.) Council. Health Expectations, 27(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.14040
- Rozi, Y. F., Aslami, N., & Dharma, B. (2024). Analysis of Demand Volume, Material Supply, and Work Hours against Delta Power Listrindo CV Production Performance. Jurnal Akuntansi, Keuangan, Dan Manajemen, 5(3), 279–285. https://doi.org/10.35912/jakman.v5i3.3285
- Sahputri, A., Aslami, N., & Dharma, B. (2023). Analysis of Human Resources Development Strategy in Increasing Employee Productivity at PMKS PT. Pandawa’s Ray. JESI (Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Indonesia), 13(2), 378. https://doi.org/10.21927/jesi.2023.13(2).358-371
- Santoso, A. (2022). Rumus Slovin: Panacea Masalah Ukuran Sampel. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(1), 1–14.
- Santoso, R. P. (2012). Ekonomi Sumber Daya Manusia dan Ketenagakerjaan (Edisi 1). UPP STIM YKPN.
- Sarhan, W. A. I., & Rosman, A. S. (2022). Criteria And Bases For Determining Wages In Islamic Economic Thought And Its Economic Effects On Distribution And Achieving Social Security. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(6), 2177–2195.
- Simanjuntak, P. J. (2011). Manajemen & Evaluasi Kinerja (Edisi 3). Universitas Indonesia.
- Sisdianto, E., Fitri, A., Isnaini, D., Islam, U., Raden, N., Lampung, I., Id, A. A., Id, D. A., Jurnal, F., Keuangan, I., & Perbankan, D. (2021). Penerapan Pembayaran Zakat Digital Dalam Presfektif Ekonomi Islam(Cashless Society). 4(2).
- Sugiyono. (2022a). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif. Alfabeta.
- Sugiyono. (2022b). Metodologi Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R & D.
- Tzanakou, C., Cattani, L., Luchinskaya, D., & Pedrini, G. (2021). Internships, Employability and the Search for Decent Work Experience. In Internships, Employability and the Search for Decent Work Experience. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800885042.00012
- Vejlin, R., & Veramendi, G. F. (2023). Sufficient statistics for frictional wage dispersion and growth. Quantitative Economics, 14(3), 935–979. https://doi.org/10.3982/qe1485
- Widiastuti, T., Mawardi, I., Zulaikha, S., Herianingrum, S., Robani, A., Al Mustofa, M. U., & Atiya, N. (2022). The nexus between Islamic social finance, quality of human resource, governance, and poverty. Heliyon, 8(12), e11885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11885
- Wildan, T. (2022). Islamic Law Thought: The Concept of Wages for Workers According to Syafi’iyah Fiqh and Positive Law. Al - Muamalat: Jurnal Hukum Dan Ekonomi Syariah, 7(2), 95–116. https://doi.org/10.32505/muamalat.v7i2.5041
- Yasmeen, K. (2023). Justice in the workplace: Islamic principles for wage determination. Islamic Economic Studies, 31(1/2), 43–87. https://doi.org/10.1108/ies-03-2023-0011