Conceptual Review of Artificial Intelligence Over Reliance: Opportunities and Challenges for Employee Competencies

https://doi.org/10.35912/simo.v6i4.4764
Published: Feb 2, 2026

Abstract:

Purpose: This study aims to conceptually examine the phenomenon of AI over-reliance and its impact on employee competence in the digital era, particularly in human resource management.

Research Methodology: A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted using 15 scientific articles selected for their relevance to AI over-reliance and human resource competencies.

Results: The findings revealed that over-reliance on AI stems from four main factors: the perception of AI as a neutral authority, low AI literacy, automation bias that fosters excessive trust in technology, and system designs that discourage reflective user engagement. These factors contribute to reduced cognitive abilities, such as critical thinking and independent judgment, while diminishing human involvement in decision making. Furthermore, over-reliance on AI raises concerns about job displacement anxiety and promotes deskilling across sectors.

Conclusions: Overreliance on AI challenges employee competence and decision-making capacity, necessitating strategic responses in system design, digital literacy enhancement, and human-AI collaboration frameworks.

Limitations: This conceptual study is based solely on a literature review, limiting its empirical generalizability and contextual depth.

Contributions: This study contributes to a deeper understanding of AI over-reliance and its implications for human resource management. This study offers insights for organizations to mitigate the negative effects of AI while leveraging it to enhance employee competence.

Keywords:
1. Artificial Intelligence
2. Employee Competence
3. Human Resources
4. Over-Reliance On Artificial Intelligence
Authors:
1 . Apida Apida
2 . Riska Dhenabayu
3 . Abidah Ardelia
4 . Aulia Kartika
5 . Fathiya Fairuz Shafa Mahfuzhah
6 . Nadiya Nafisa Az Zahra
7 . Ika Diyah Candra Arifah
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How to Cite
Apida, A., Dhenabayu, R., Ardelia, A., Kartika, A., Mahfuzhah, F. F. S., Zahra, N. N. A., & Arifah, I. D. C. (2026). Conceptual Review of Artificial Intelligence Over Reliance: Opportunities and Challenges for Employee Competencies . Studi Ilmu Manajemen Dan Organisasi, 6(4), 397–414. https://doi.org/10.35912/simo.v6i4.4764
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Issue & Section
Vol. 6 No. 4 (2026): Januari
Articles
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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  1. Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The Second Machine Age. Norton & Company.
  2. Brougham, D., & Haar, J. (2018). Smart technology, artificial intelligence, robotics, and algorithms (STARA): Employees’ perceptions of future workplace. Journal of Management & Organization, 24(2), 239-257.
  3. Davenport, T. H., & Kirby, J. (2016). Only humans need apply: Winners and losers in the age of smart machines. Harper Business.
  4. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268.
  5. Elish, M. C. (2019). Moral crumple zones: Cautionary tales in human-robot interaction. Engaging Science, Technology, and Society, 5, 40–60.
  6. Faraj, S., Pachidi, S., & Sayegh, K. (2018). Working and organizing in the age of the learning algorithm. Information and Organization, 28(1), 62–70.
  7. Gasser, U., & Almeida, V. A. F. (2017). A layered model for AI governance. IEEE Internet Computing, 21(6), 58–62.
  8. Jarrahi, M. H. (2018). Artificial intelligence and the future of work: Human-AI symbiosis in organizational decision making. Business Horizons, 61(4), 577–586.
  9. MacInnis, D. J. (2011). A framework for conceptual contributions in marketing. Journal of Marketing, 75(4), 136–154.
  10. Makridakis, S. (2017). The forthcoming Artificial Intelligence (AI) revolution: Its impact on society and firms. Futures, 90, 46–60.
  11. Rai, A. (2020). Explainable AI: From black box to glass box. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48, 137–141.
  12. Tambe, P., Cappelli, P., & Yakubovich, V. (2019). Artificial intelligence in human resources management: Challenges and a path forward. California Management Review, 61(4), 15–42.
  13. van Laar, E., van Deursen, A. J. A. M., van Dijk, J. A. G. M., & de Haan, J. (2017). The relation between 21st-century skills and digital skills: A systematic literature review. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 577–588.
  14. Vrontis, D., Christofi, M., & Pereira, V. (2022). The role of artificial intelligence in shaping the future of work and organizations. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 176, 121445.
  15. Wilson, H. J., & Daugherty, P. R. (2018). Collaborative intelligence: Humans and AI are joining forces. Harvard Business Review, 96(4), 114–123.