Studi Akuntansi, Keuangan, dan Manajemen

Pemasaran Digital dalam Perspektif Akademis: Studi Bibliometrik Literatur Global

Feizal Septya Pradana Izal, Tony Wijaya, Agung Utama — Tue, 21 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Purpose: This study aims to examine the development and structure of academic literature on digital marketing through a bibliometric analysis approach. Digital marketing has become a central topic in marketing studies, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic, which has accelerated the adoption of digital technology across various sectors.

Methodology: Data were collected from the Scopus database covering the period 2005–2025, identifying 111 documents containing the keywords “digital marketing” and “e-marketing” in the title, abstract, and keywords. VOSviewer software was employed to perform mapping of thematic networks, visualization of temporal trends, and analysis of literature density.

Results: The findings reveal that the dominant research themes focus on social media marketing, purchase intention, content marketing, and the integration of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, and chatbots. The visualization indicates a significant shift from traditional marketing discussions toward more technology-driven and behaviorally adaptive topics.

Conclusions: Digital marketing research has evolved dynamically, moving toward more data-based and technology-oriented themes that reflect contemporary consumer trends.

Limitation: This study is limited to publications indexed in Scopus and may exclude relevant works from other academic databases or gray literature.

Contribution: The study contributes to a systematic understanding of the intellectual structure and thematic evolution of digital marketing research, offering valuable insights for academics and practitioners to identify research gaps and future directions in technology-based marketing studies.

Improving Women Entreprenurial Performance with Environmental Sustainability and Social Support

Susanti Dwi Ilhami, Damayanti Damayanti — Mon, 06 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the role of environmental sustainability and social support in influencing agility towards women entrepreneurial performance of moslem women entrepreneur in Rembang Regency.

Methodology: The data collection technique implemented was a questionnaire analyzed using SEM-PLS analysis. The sample size was 140 Muslim female entrepreneurs in Rembang Regency, particularly in SMEs.

Result: The results showed that agility significantly effect women entrepreneurial performance and environmental sustainability. However, the role of environmental sustainability as a mediator and social support as a moderator was not proven.

Conclusions: The moslem women entrepreneur can improve the entrepreneurial performance by using agility. Furthermore, Research indicate that agility can booster the environmental sustainability of women entrepreneur.

Limitations: This study has a small number of variables, making it less comprehensive. Furthermore, the small number of respondents means the results cannot be generalized.

Contribution: The high number of female entrepreneurs encourages further exploration of women business conditions. However, female entrepreneurs face obstacles and patriarchy, which discourages them from pursuing careers as entrepreneurs. Therefore, solutions are needed to achieve gender equality, especially for Muslim female entrepreneurs.

Pengaruh Persepsi Pengguna E-Wallet terhadap Pembelian Impulsif: Peran Mediasi Kepuasan dan Kesenangan

Nofa Ardhan Sultoni, Alldila Nadhira Ayu Setyaning — Sun, 07 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Purpose: This study aims to determine the influence of interactivity perception, risk perception, visual appeal, and subjective norms on impulse purchase behavior, with satisfaction and perception of pleasure as intervening variables in e-wallet users in Indonesia.

Methodology/approach: The approach used in this study is a quantitative approach. The data collection technique was by distributing online questionnaires to 300 respondents using Google Form. The sampling technique used a non-probability sampling technique using the purposive sampling method which was then processed using structural equation modeling SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) using the PLS program.

Results/findings: This study found that the perception of interactivity, visual appeal, and subjective norms had a positive and significant effect on satisfaction and perception of pleasure. On the other hand, risk perception has a negative and significant effect on both. In addition, satisfaction and perception of pleasure also have a positive and significant effect on impulse buying behavior.

Conclusions: Overall, the study confirms that both cognitive (satisfaction) and affective (enjoyment) responses play a crucial mediating role in transforming external stimuli into impulsive purchase decisions. The findings strengthen the application of the S-O-R framework in the digital financial context and provide both theoretical enrichment and managerial implications.

Limitations: The limited number of respondents and the variables used were limited to perceived interactivity, perceived risk, visual appeal, subjective norms, satisfaction, and perceived enjoyment.

Contribution: This study contributes to policymaking for e-wallet service providers in designing more effective marketing strategies focused on user experience.

Organizational Culture and Career Development on Investigators’ Work Life Quality

Muhammad Idris, Surya Dharma, Dadang Hartanto, Novi Indah Earlyanti — Wed, 15 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Purpose: This study aims to analyze how organizational culture and career development affect the quality of work life of assistant investigators at the Criminal Investigation Unit (Satreskrim) of the North Jakarta Metro Police.

Research Methodology: A mixed-method approach with an explanatory sequential design was applied. Quantitative data were collected through a Likert-scale questionnaire with 45 items completed by 61 assistant investigators. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression, producing the equation ? = 5.104 + 0.999X1 + 0.367X2 + e. Instrument testing, classical assumption tests, and hypothesis testing were conducted. To deepen the findings, qualitative data were obtained through observation, interviews, and literature studies.

Results: The study found that the quality of work life had the highest mean score (4.01), followed by organizational culture (3.90) and career development (3.72). The adjusted R² of 0.850 indicates that organizational culture and career development together explain 85% of the variance in quality of work life. Organizational culture positively and significantly influences involvement and mission clarity but reveals weaknesses in digital adaptability. Career development also has a significant effect, though training access remains uneven.

Conclusions: Both organizational culture and career development significantly enhance the quality of work life of assistant investigators, with culture being slightly more dominant.

Limitations: This study was limited to one police unit and may not fully represent other contexts.

Contribution: Contribution: This research guides police institutions to enhance culture, digital readiness, and fair career development.

Peningkatan Daya Saing dalam Pengembangan Karir Generasi-Z di Jurusan Manajemen Universitas Tadulako

Rynaldi Sn Kasim, Lina Mahardiana, Risnawati Risnawati , Faruq Lamusa — Fri, 03 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Purpose: This study aims to analyze and examine the effect of improving competitiveness on the career development of Generation Z students in the Management Department at Universitas Tadulako.

Methodology: This research applied a quantitative approach using a simple random sampling method with 70 respondents from a population of 229 students in the 2021 cohort. Primary data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using simple linear regression with SPSS 25.0.

Results: The findings demonstrate that competitiveness, measured through both soft and hard skills, has a positive and significant influence on career development. Students who actively improve their technical expertise, adaptability, and interpersonal abilities are more likely to advance their careers.

Conclusions: Enhancing competitiveness significantly contributes to the career development of Generation Z students. Educational institutions play a crucial role in providing relevant curricula, training, and practical experiences that strengthen both technical and interpersonal competencies to meet labor market demands.

Limitations: The study is limited by its relatively small sample size (70 respondents) and the use of a single predictor variable. This constrains the generalization of the findings and excludes other relevant factors, such as curriculum quality, internships, mentoring, and labor market conditions.

Contribution: This study enriches the literature on career development by emphasizing the importance of integrating soft and hard skills to enhance competitiveness among Generation Z. It provides practical insights for universities and policymakers to design strategies that align education with labor market requirements.

Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Perilaku Pembelian Produk Makanan Impor Berlogo Halal di Batam

Stella Stella, Immanuel Zai — Tue, 14 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Purpose: This study aims to identify the factors that influence purchase behavior, with a specific focus on how purchase intention acts as a mediator in this relationship. The study investigates the roles of brand trust, customer satisfaction, product attributes, and religiosity in shaping consumers' purchasing actions toward imported food products.

Methodology/approach: The research was conducted using a quantitative approach through an online survey. A total of 309 respondents who had experience purchasing imported food products were selected using purposive sampling. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using statistical methods to assess the relationships between the variables.

Results/findings: The results reveal that product attributes, brand trust, customer satisfaction, and religiosity significantly influence purchase intention. Furthermore, purchase intention positively and significantly affects purchase behavior. However, several variables, such as brand trust and customer satisfaction, showed directions of influence that were contrary to the initial hypotheses, suggesting the presence of contextual or external moderating factors.

Conclusions: Purchase intention plays a crucial mediating role in linking key factors such as brand trust, satisfaction, attributes, and religiosity with actual purchasing behavior. Enhancing these factors can strengthen consumer intentions and lead to increased purchase activity.

Limitations: he study is limited to consumers of imported halal-labeled food products in Batam and may not be generalizable to other age groups, regions, or product categories.

Contribution: This research contributes to the field of consumer behavior and marketing by offering insights into the psychological and attitudinal factors that drive purchase behavior.

Financial Feasibility Analysis of Islamic-Based International School Investment in East Bandung

Mutiah Qur'aniah, Neneng Susanti — Wed, 22 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Purpose: Research This aims to determine the feasibility of the construction project for an Islamic-based International Middle School in the East Bandung area. reviewed from the financial aspect analyzed using the Net Present method Value, Internal Rate of Return, Benefit Cost Ratio, Profitability Index, Payback Period and Debt Service Coverage Ratio.

Methodology Research: Research This study uses quantitative research methods. The data sources used are primary and secondary. Data collection methods include interviews, and research. The population in this study were parents of 12-year-old students in East Bandung, with a sample of 100 people using the Solvin formula. Sampling was done using random sampling.

Results: Analysis? finance show NPV > 0, namely Rp. 38,651,935,498, IRR > WACC, namely 47 %, BCR ? 1 is 3.56, P I ? 1 is 5.54, PP for 2 years 5 months, and DSCR ? 1, namely 15.70.

Conclusions: Findings the confirm that project the worthy in a way financial and operational, supported by strong market potential and prospects term sustainable length.?

Limitations: This study depending on projected demographic and financial data, which may influenced by dynamics economics, regulations, or social in the future.

Contributions: Research This offer outlook valuable for investors, educators, and creators policy, providing runway based proof for decision investment education and contribute to development education school medium on based on Islam in Indonesia.

Reward and Performance: Why Social and Extrinsic Rewards Fail to Improve Job Performance?

Keumala Hayati, Sinta Dewi Artha Rini — Thu, 02 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Purpose: This study aims to examine the effect of Total Reward on employee performance by integrating intrinsic, extrinsic, and social reward components within Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory framework. The motivation for this research comes from the gap in existing literature, which often emphasizes partial reward systems, while the holistic Total Reward perspective remains underexplored, particularly in the context of employee motivation and performance in Indonesia’s banking sector.

Research Methodology: The study applied a survey method by distributing structured questionnaires to bank employees in Lampung Province, Indonesia. A simple random sampling technique was employed to ensure representativeness. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (SEM-PLS) with SmartPLS, focusing on the second-order construct of Total Reward to test the effect of intrinsic, extrinsic, and social dimensions on employee performance.

Results: The findings indicate that intrinsic rewards, such as recognition, responsibility, and personal growth opportunities, significantly improve employee performance. However, extrinsic rewards (salary, benefits, working conditions) and social rewards (relationships with colleagues and supervisors) did not show a significant influence.

Conclusions: The study concludes that enhancing intrinsic rewards is a key driver for boosting employee performance in the banking sector. While extrinsic and social rewards remain necessary, they are insufficient without meaningful intrinsic motivators.

Limitations: This study is limited to one province and a specific industry, reducing its generalizability.

Contribution: The research contributes to HR management by demonstrating the strategic value of focusing on intrinsic rewards to foster sustainable performance improvements.

Investigasi Faktor Niat Pembelian terhadap Merek Kosmetik Mewah di Indonesia

Andina Fasha, Winnie Kho, Arienda Gitty Ramadani, Erilia Kesumahati — Thu, 23 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Purpose: The objective of this investigation is to identify the variables that affect purchase intention, including product quality, service quality, e-WOM, and brand image.

Methodology/approach: The method used is quantitative. The result source is the Google Form questionnaire.

Results/findings: This study's findings reveal that product quality, EWOM, and brand image are proven to have a significant influence on purchase intention. However, the service quality variable has not been proven to influence purchase intention significantly.

Conclusions: The results indicate that consumers’ purchase intention toward luxury cosmetic brands is primarily shaped by tangible product performance, strong brand reputation, and credible online word-of-mouth communication. Service quality, while still relevant for customer retention, does not play a critical role at the intention stage. Thus, luxury cosmetic managers should focus more on strengthening product excellence, managing e-WOM credibility, and reinforcing consistent brand image across digital channels.

Limitations: The results are based on a single-city cross-sectional survey of Batam consumers and rely on self-reported evidence quantitative, which may limit generalizability and introduce common method bias. Future studies should use longitudinal or multicity designs, incorporate objective behavioural measures, and test moderator variables (e.g., customer satisfaction or brand loyalty) to deepen causal insights.

Contribution: The findings suggest that luxury cosmetic brand managers should prioritize superior product quality, active management of electronic word-of-mouth promotion, and consistent brand image building to enhance purchase intention; service quality, while necessary for loyalty, appears to be less determinant at the intention stage.

Lessons from Human Error: Building Airport Safety Culture

Wed, 22 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

effectiveness of Apron Movement Control (AMC) supervision in developing a safety culture at the apron of a major airport in North Sumatra. It was motivated by a collision between a Lavatory Service Truck (LST) and a Boeing 737-800 aircraft on October 16, 2024, caused by personnel negligence, unserviceable equipment, and weak supervision.

Methodology: A qualitative case study approach was applied. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, and analyzed thematically using NVivo 15. The ORLIO model was employed to evaluate human error.

Result: The study identified repeated violations—normalization of deviance among Ground Support Equipment (GSE) personnel, limited AMC supervision, and non-compliant equipment. ORLIO-based evaluation enhanced personnel reflection and safety awareness, while AMC supervision acted as external enforcement. The synergy between reflection and supervision contributed to a shift in apron safety culture from permissive toward a more mature and sustainable one.

Conclusions: The apron accident shows that safety failures stem not only from individual errors but also from the interaction of human, equipment, and supervisory factors. Integrating ORLIO and AMC supervision effectively enhances safety awareness and procedural discipline.

Limitations: The study is limited to one airport, with qualitative data that may involve subjectivity. It focuses on operational staff, excluding higher management, and does not assess long-term impacts quantitatively.

Contribution: The study was limited to one airport, so findings may not represent all contexts. It contributes to aviation safety management by demonstrating how combining human error evaluation and AMC supervision strengthens apron safety culture, offering practical insights for airport authorities and regulators.

Performance Improvement Strategy via Talent Management and Employee Retention in Jakarta MSMEs

Wed, 22 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the influence of Business Reputation, Leadership, and Organizational Justice on Talent Management Strategies, Employee Retention, and MSME Performance Strategies, while examining the mediating roles of Talent Management Strategies and Employee Retention..

Research Methodology: A quantitative approach was employed using data from 189 MSMEs selected through purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS 3 to test both direct and indirect relationships among variables.

Results: Findings indicate that Business Reputation significantly affects Talent Management Strategies (p = 0.000), Employee Retention (p = 0.026), and MSME Performance (p = 0.000). Leadership shows no significant effect on any dependent variable, while Organizational Justice significantly influences Talent Management Strategies (p = 0.008) but not Employee Retention or MSME Performance. Indirectly, Talent Management Strategies mediate the effects of Business Reputation and Organizational Justice on Employee Retention, whereas Employee Retention does not mediate the effect of the main variables on performance. However, a combined mediation of Talent Management Strategies and Employee Retention significantly links Business Reputation to MSME Performance (p = 0.036). Novelty indicators reveal that business governance and ethics strongly represent Business Reputation, with loadings of 0.931 and 0.944.

Conclusions: Business Reputation and Organizational Justice are key drivers of Talent Management Strategies and Employee Retention, whereas Leadership plays an insignificant role.

Limitations: The study is limited to Indonesian MSMEs and cross-sectional data.

Contribution: It contributes by emphasizing ethical governance and fairness as essential elements in improving MSME talent retention and performance.

Pengaruh Fluktuasi Volume Penumpang Berdasarkan Kategori Hari terhadap Pola Operasi LRT Jabodebek

Tue, 14 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Purpose: This study analyzes the impact of differences in passenger volume between weekdays and weekends on the operational patterns of the Jabodebek Light Rail Transit (LRT). The research aims to understand how fluctuations in passenger numbers influence service scheduling and resource allocation for urban mass transportation efficiency.

Research Methodology: A quantitative approach was employed using descriptive analysis and non-parametric statistical testing to evaluate passenger volume data. The analysis focused on the period from November 2024 to April 2025. The Mann-Whitney U test was applied to compare weekday and weekend passenger volumes, which were found to fluctuate significantly—exceeding 50% differences between the two periods.

Results: Statistical calculations revealed that the Mann-Whitney U test value was 0.000 (assumed 0.0001) with a Z-score of -11.221, and the significance value (Asymp. Sig 2-tailed) was also 0.000 (<0.05). These results indicate that the difference in passenger volume between weekdays and weekends is statistically significant.

Conclusions: The findings highlight that the LRT Jabodebek operation pattern must differentiate between weekday, weekend, and special event (e.g., New Year’s Eve, national football matches) schedules to align with fluctuating passenger volumes.

Limitations: The research was limited to six months of passenger data, which may not capture annual seasonal variations or special public holidays.

Contribution: This study contributes to the understanding of how passenger volume fluctuations influence operational patterns in urban mass transport systems. It offers practical recommendations for operators to design adaptive and cost-efficient service schedules that enhance service quality and passenger satisfaction.

The Impact of Flexible Working Hourse and Social Support on Employee Performance

Siti Istifaroh, Annisa Fajri, Edy Purwanto — Tue, 14 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Purpose: This study aims to analyze and describe the role of work-time flexibility and social support on employee performance, taking into account the role of work-life balance at Roemani Muhammadiyah Hospital, Semarang.

Methodology/Approach: This study employed a quantitative method with a causal associative design, conducted at Roemani Muhammadiyah Hospital, Semarang. A sample of 87 employees was selected using a convenience sampling technique from a population of 667 employees. Primary data was collected through a questionnaire using Google Forms. Data analysis was conducted using validity and reliability tests, as well as path analysis using SmartPLS 4.0 software to examine explicit and implicit correlations among variables.

Results/Findings: The results explicit and implicit correlations among variables. However, both strongly affect equilibrium between work and personal life, which ultimately produces a notable beneficial effect on job outcomes. This confirms the function of work-life balance as mediating variable in improving employee performance at Roemani Muhammadiyah Hospital, Semarang.

Congclusions: Findings reveal that flexibility in working hours and social support fail to exert a meaningful influence on worker outcomes; however, both meaningfully determine work-life integration, which in turn positively influences employee performance.

Limitations: The scope of this research was restricted by the use of questionnaire data, which could potentially contain respondent subjectivity bias, and was conducted only at one hospital, making the results less generalizable to other organizational contexts.

Contribution: This research provides a reference for hospital leadership in designing initiatives that promote work-life harmony and improve employee performance.

User Satisfaction Mediates Ease of Use and Loyalty in Hulu Migas E-Procurement

Purbanuara Parlindungan, Lim Sanny, Zaroni Zaroni , Sita Anisah Sholiha — Tue, 14 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Purpose: This study investigates how Ease of Use in an e?procurement system impacts User Loyalty within a national upstream oil and gas company, with User Satisfaction serving as a mediating factor. The aim is to clarify the indirect effect of system usability on loyalty by evaluating the mediation pathway through satisfaction

Methodology: Employing a quantitative approach, data were collected from 296 e?procurement users across 15 national hulu migas companies using structured surveys. Responses were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) via SmartPLS 4

Results: The study found that ease of use significantly impacts user satisfaction (? = 0.779, p < .000) and user loyalty (? = 0.293, p < .000), with user satisfaction mediating the relationship between ease of use and loyalty (indirect effect = 0.537, p = .000). These results align with recent research indicating that ease of use enhances user satisfaction and loyalty, with satisfaction serving as a mediator in this relationship.

Conclusions: Ease of use significantly effect on user satisfaction and loyalty. User satisfaction has positive and significant mediating ease of use and loyalty.

Limitations: The study does not account for variations across different platforms or consider deeper system factors such as security, technical complexity, and usability challenges—issues highlighted in the literature as significant barriers to e-procurement adoption

Contribution: This Research contributes to both management practice and academic understanding by showing that improving system usability can enhance loyalty through user satisfaction—offering a clear direction for strategic enhancements in e?procurement platforms.

Kepuasan dan Loyalitas sebagai Mediator Experiential Marketing terhadap WOM

I Wayan Eka Darma Sastra, Ida Bagus Teddy Prianthara — Wed, 15 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to investigate how experiential marketing affects word-of-mouth (WOM), using customer loyalty and satisfaction as mediating factors. The research was conducted at Sastra Barbershop Payangan, representing the growing male grooming industry in Bali.

Methodology: The research applied a quantitative approach using incidental sampling of 135 respondents, who were customers of Sastra Barbershop. Data were collected through questionnaires measured on a five-point Likert scale.

Results: The findings show that experiential marketing has a positive and significant impact on customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, and word of mouth. Customer satisfaction also positively affects customer loyalty and WOM, while customer loyalty significantly enhances WOM. Moreover, both customer satisfaction and customer loyalty partially mediate the relationship between experiential marketing and WOM, with a double mediation effect strengthening this relationship.

Conclusions: This study concludes that experiential marketing is a critical driver in shaping customer behavior. By creating memorable experiences, barbershops can increase satisfaction, foster loyalty, and amplify WOM. The mediating roles of satisfaction and loyalty emphasize that experiential marketing does not work in isolation but operates through psychological and emotional bonds formed with customers.

Limitations: This study was limited to one case, Sastra Barbershop Payangan, with 135 respondents. Thus, the findings may not be generalized across other service industries or regions.

Contribution: This study contributes theoretically by reinforcing the role of experiential marketing in strengthening customer satisfaction, loyalty, and WOM within service marketing literature.

Behaviour and Satisfaction Effects on User Loyalty within e-Procurement of National Oil Firms

Tue, 21 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the effects of Application Ease of Use, Digital Service Quality, and Digital Information Quality on User Behavior, User Satisfaction, and User Loyalty in National Upstream Oil and Gas Companies. It also examines the mediating roles of User Behavior and User Satisfaction in influencing loyalty.

Research Methodology: A quantitative approach was used with the SmartPLS 4 analysis tool to analyze the data. Data were collected from 296 respondents across 15 upstream oil and gas companies in Indonesia, selected through purposive sampling based on Slovin’s formula. The analysis employed the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM-PLS) technique to test the direct and indirect effects of the study variables.

Results: The findings revealed that Ease of Use and Digital Service Quality significantly influenced both user behavior and satisfaction. Digital Information Quality does not significantly affect User Behavior but has a strong impact on User Satisfaction. Furthermore, User Behavior and User Satisfaction significantly enhance User Loyalty, confirming their mediating roles.

Conclusions: Ease of Use and Service Quality are critical determinants of user engagement and loyalty, whereas Digital Information Quality primarily strengthens satisfaction.

Limitations: This study focused only on upstream oil and gas companies in Indonesia and used cross-sectional self-reported data, which may limit causal interpretation.

Contribution: This study enriches digital loyalty theory by highlighting how behavioral and satisfaction factors mediate the impact of digital quality dimensions on user loyalty in industrial digital systems.

Moderasi EPU pada Pengaruh NII terhadap Risiko Kredit Bank

Aditya Dharma, V. Viverita — Wed, 08 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Purpose: This study examines how non-interest income (NII) influences bank credit risk and how economic policy uncertainty (EPU) moderates that relationship

Methodology/approach: Using panel data on ASEAN banks and a quantitative empirical approach, we include EPU as a moderating variable and control for the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), loan growth, and bank size

Results/findings: The results indicate that higher NII significantly reduces non-performing loans, yet its protective effect weakens when EPU is elevated, suggesting that policy uncertainty erodes the risk-buffering benefits of income diversification. EPU itself directly increases credit risk, exposing banks to greater vulnerability during uncertain policy climates. CAR, loan growth, and bank size also exert significant effects on credit risk. Practically, banks should be more selective in pursuing non-interest revenue streams and reinforce credit-risk mitigation when policy uncertainty rises

Conclusions: This study highlights the dual role of NII and EPU in shaping credit risk dynamics in ASEAN banks. While income diversification contributes to reducing credit risk, its effectiveness is contingent on the broader policy environment. Elevated policy uncertainty undermines the stabilizing effect of NII, thereby heightening banks’ vulnerabilities. Strengthening capital adequacy, prudent loan growth management, and strategic scaling remain essential for maintaining resilience. Policymakers and regulators should also recognize the destabilizing potential of policy uncertainty and design frameworks that foster clarity and stability in financial markets.

Limitations: Future research could incorporate additional internal bank factors, qualitative insights, regulatory changes, and digitalisation trends.

Contribution: This study enriches the empirical literature on income diversification and macroeconomic uncertainty within the ASEAN banking sector.