Factors Influencing Exclusive Breastfeeding in Developing Countries: A Review

https://doi.org/10.35912/nersakademika.v2i1.3283
Published: Jul 19, 2024

Abstract:

Purpose: The local government in many developing nations has struggled to encourage mothers to breastfeed their infants exclusively for up to 6 months. The goal of this review was to outline the factors that promote and hinder exclusive breastfeeding in developing country.

Methodology: Methodology used is literature review. To find studies from January 2012 to December 2022, searches were done in Science Direct, Proquest, Google Scholar, and PubMed. Both qualitative and quantitative research was taken into account, and analyzed using NVivo.

Results: Factors driving the success of exclusive breastfeeding are rooming-in, antenatal attendance, husband or family support, peer support, timely breastfeeding initiation. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factors for exclusive breastfeeding in developing countries are introducing food too early, maternal physical condition, working mothers, influence of grandmother, assumed insufficient breastmilk, cultural beliefs and practices, earlier bottle usage, inadequate infant weight gain, joint family, lack of family support, lack of workplace support, mode of delivery, and mother's psychological factors.

Limitations: Researchers were unable to determine if the reference used as the source was biased.

Contribution: According to this study, there are still a number of barriers that women must overcome in order to breastfeed their babies exclusively for up to six months, and there are motivating aspects that must be enhanced to promote the success of exclusive breastfeeding. The findings of this study can be applied to the creation of strategies and treatments for dealing with challenges in exclusive breastfeeding.

Keywords:
1. Barriers
2. Driving Factors
3. Facilitators
4. Exclusive Breastfeeding
5. Developing Countries
Authors:
1 . Mariza Arfianti
2 . Retni Retni
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Arfianti, M. ., & Retni, R. . (2024). Factors Influencing Exclusive Breastfeeding in Developing Countries: A Review . Ners Akademika, 2(1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.35912/nersakademika.v2i1.3283
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Vol. 2 No. 1 (2023): Desember
Articles
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References

    Agunbiade, O. M., & Ogunleye, O. V. (2012). Constraints to exclusive breastfeeding practice among breastfeeding mothers in Southwest Nigeria: Implications for scaling up. International Breastfeeding Journal, 7(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4358-7-5

    Alzaheb, R. A. (2017). A review of the factors associated with the timely initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding in the Middle East. Clinical Medicine Insights: Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179556517748912

    Arusei, R. J., Ettyang, G. A., & Esamai, F. (2011). Feeding patterns and growth of term infants in Eldoret, Kenya. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 32(4), 307–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/156482651103200401

    Asare, B. Y. A., Preko, J. V, Baafi, D., & ... (2018). Breastfeeding practices and determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in a cross-sectional study at a child welfare clinic in Tema Manhean, Ghana. In … breastfeeding journal. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-018-0156-y

    Balogun, O. O., Dagvadorj, A., Anigo, K. M., & ... (2015). Factors influencing breastfeeding exclusivity during the first 6 months of life in developing countries: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review. Maternal &child …. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12180

    Chowdhury, R., Sinha, B., Sankar, M. J., Taneja, S., Bhandari, N., Rollins, N., Bahl, R., & Martines, J. (2015). Breastfeeding and maternal health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics, 104, 96–113. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.13102

    Dorgham, L. S., Hafez, S. K., Kamhawy, H. E., & Hassan, W. B. (2014). Assessment of Initiation of Breastfeeding, Prevalence of Exclusive Breast Feeding and Their Predictors in Taif,KSA. Life Science Journal, 11(1), 1–9.

    Dwinanda, N., Syarif, B. H., & Sjarif, D. R. (2018). Factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding in term infants. In Paediatr Indones. pdfs.semanticscholar.org. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d429/1182e82f21036877a23d821f7df7463b722e.pdf

    Fidiawati, R., Sanjaya, R., Veronica, S. Y., & Febriyanti, H. (2022). Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Pemberian ASI Eksklusif Pada Ibu Primipara ( Factors Associated with Exclusive Breastfeeding in Primiparous Mothers ). Ners Akademika, 1(1), 23–28.

    Gupta, M. L., Aborigo, R. A., Adongo, P. B., Rominski, S., Hodgson, A., Engmann, C. M., & Moyer, C. A. (2015). Grandmothers as gatekeepers? The role of grandmothers in influencing health-seeking for mothers and newborns in rural northern Ghana. Global Public Health, 10(9), 1078–1091. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2014.1002413

    Hadiza Abigail, A., & Esther, E. A. (2013). Barriers and facilitators to the practice of exclusive Breast feeding among working class mothers: A study of female resident doctors in tertiary health institutions in Plateau State. E3 Journal of Medical Research, 2(1), 112–0116.

    Haghighi, M., & Taheri, E. (2015). Factors associated with breastfeeding in th7e first hour after birth, in baby friendly hospitals, Shiraz-Iran. International Journal of Pediatrics, 3(5), 889–896. https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2015.4720

    Hidayah Putri, D., Masrul, M., & Evareny, L. (2018). The Relationship Between The Level of Maternal Knowledge, Maternal Employment Status and Family Support With Exclusive Breastfeeding in The Working Area of The Air Dingin Health Center of Padang City in 2018. Journal of Midwifery, 3(2), 161. https://doi.org/10.25077/jom.3.2.161-175.2018

    Jasmine, D. M. (2022). Intervensi Diet pada Pencegahan Obesitas Anak. Jurnal Ilmu Medis Indonesia, 1(2), 83–93. https://doi.org/10.35912/jimi.v1i2.971

    Jolly, K., Ingram, L., Khan, K. S., Deeks, J. J., Freemantle, N., & MacArthur, C. (2012). Systematic review of peer support for breastfeeding continuation: Metaregression analysis of the effect of setting, intensity, and timing. BMJ (Online), 344(7844), 18. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d8287

    Jonas, W., & Woodside, B. (2016). Physiological mechanisms, behavioral and psychological factors influencing the transfer of milk from mothers to their young. Hormones and Behavior, 77, 167–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.07.018

    Maonga, A. R., Mahande, M. J., Damian, D. J., & ... (2016). Factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding among women in Muheza District Tanga northeastern Tanzania: a mixed method community based study. In Maternal and child health …. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-015-1805-z

    Negin, J., Coffman, J., Vizintin, P., & Raynes-Greenow, C. (2016). The influence of grandmothers on breastfeeding rates: A systematic review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0880-5

    Ogbo, F. A., Agho, K., Ogeleka, P., Woolfenden, S., Page, A., Eastwood, J., Homaira, N., Burrett, S., Zwi, K., Schaefer, M., Morton, N., Jaffe, A., Oei, J. L., & Gunasekera, H. (2017). Infant feeding practices and diarrhoea in sub-Saharan African countries with high diarrhoea mortality. PLoS ONE, 12(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171792

    Okafor, I., Olatona, F., & Olufemi, O. (2013). Breastfeeding practices of mothers of young children in Lagos, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics, 41(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.4314/njp.v41i1.8

    Perera, P. J., Ranathunga, N., Fernando, M. P., Sampath, W., & Samaranayake, G. B. (2012). Actual exclusive breastfeeding rates and determinants among a cohort of children living in Gampaha district Sri Lanka: A prospective observational study. International Breastfeeding Journal, 7, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4358-7-21

    Rollins, N. C., Bhandari, N., Hajeebhoy, N., Horton, S., Lutter, C. K., Martines, J. C., Piwoz, E. G., Richter, L. M., & Victora, C. G. (2016). Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practices? The Lancet, 387(10017), 491–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01044-2

    Sanjaya, R., Komalasari, K., Puspitasari, A., & Ainasari, A. (2022). Studi Kasus Penerapan Pijat Bayi terhadap Perubahan Tidur dan Menyusu pada Bayi ( Case Study of the Application of Infant Massage to Changes in Sleep and Breastfeeding in Infants ). Jurnal Kesehatan Maternal dan Neonatal 1(1), 5–8.

    Shakya, P., Kunieda, M. K., Koyama, M., Rai, S. S., Miyaguchi, M., Dhakal, S., Sandy, S., Sunguya, B. F., & Jimba, M. (2017). Effectiveness of community-based peer support for mothers to improve their breastfeeding practices: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 12(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177434

    Stuebe, A. (2009). The risks of not breastfeeding. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181bf91da

    Sudfeld, C. R., Fawzi, W. W., & Lahariya, C. (2012). Peer Support and Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One, 7(9). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045143

    Sutrisno, S., & Tamim, H. (2023). Hubungan Tingkat Pendidikan dan Pengetahuan Ibu Tentang Gizi dengan Status Gizi pada Balita di Posyandu Abung Timur Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Bumi Agung Kabupaten Lampung Utara Tahun 2020. Jurnal Ilmu Medis Indonesia, 2(2), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.35912/jimi.v2i2.1513

    Tamiru, D. (2013). Survey on Introduction of Complementary Foods to Infants within the First Six Months and Associated Factors in Rural Communities of JimmaArjo. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 2(2), 77. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130202.18

    Thomson, G., Crossland, N., & Dykes, F. (2011). Original Article Giving me hope?: women ’ s reflections on a breastfeeding peer support service. 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00358.x

    Ulak, M., Chandyo, R. K., Mellander, L., Shrestha, P. S., & Strand, T. A. (2012). Infant feeding practices in Bhaktapur, Nepal: A cross-sectional, health facility based survey. International Breastfeeding Journal, 7, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4358-7-1

    Victora, C. G., Bahl, R., Barros, A. J. D., França, G. V. A., Horton, S., Krasevec, J., Murch, S., Sankar, M. J., Walker, N., Rollins, N. C., Allen, K., Dharmage, S., Lodge, C., Peres, K. G., Bhandari, N., Chowdhury, R., Sinha, B., Taneja, S., Giugliani, E., … Richter, L. (2016). Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. The Lancet, 387(10017), 475–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01024-7

    World Health Organization. (2018). Global Nutrition Targets 2025 to improve maternal, infant and young child. World Health Organization, 2(6), 375–388.

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  2. Alzaheb, R. A. (2017). A review of the factors associated with the timely initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding in the Middle East. Clinical Medicine Insights: Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179556517748912
  3. Arusei, R. J., Ettyang, G. A., & Esamai, F. (2011). Feeding patterns and growth of term infants in Eldoret, Kenya. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 32(4), 307–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/156482651103200401
  4. Asare, B. Y. A., Preko, J. V, Baafi, D., & ... (2018). Breastfeeding practices and determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in a cross-sectional study at a child welfare clinic in Tema Manhean, Ghana. In … breastfeeding journal. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-018-0156-y
  5. Balogun, O. O., Dagvadorj, A., Anigo, K. M., & ... (2015). Factors influencing breastfeeding exclusivity during the first 6 months of life in developing countries: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review. Maternal &child …. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12180
  6. Chowdhury, R., Sinha, B., Sankar, M. J., Taneja, S., Bhandari, N., Rollins, N., Bahl, R., & Martines, J. (2015). Breastfeeding and maternal health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics, 104, 96–113. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.13102
  7. Dorgham, L. S., Hafez, S. K., Kamhawy, H. E., & Hassan, W. B. (2014). Assessment of Initiation of Breastfeeding, Prevalence of Exclusive Breast Feeding and Their Predictors in Taif,KSA. Life Science Journal, 11(1), 1–9.
  8. Dwinanda, N., Syarif, B. H., & Sjarif, D. R. (2018). Factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding in term infants. In Paediatr Indones. pdfs.semanticscholar.org. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d429/1182e82f21036877a23d821f7df7463b722e.pdf
  9. Fidiawati, R., Sanjaya, R., Veronica, S. Y., & Febriyanti, H. (2022). Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Pemberian ASI Eksklusif Pada Ibu Primipara ( Factors Associated with Exclusive Breastfeeding in Primiparous Mothers ). Ners Akademika, 1(1), 23–28.
  10. Gupta, M. L., Aborigo, R. A., Adongo, P. B., Rominski, S., Hodgson, A., Engmann, C. M., & Moyer, C. A. (2015). Grandmothers as gatekeepers? The role of grandmothers in influencing health-seeking for mothers and newborns in rural northern Ghana. Global Public Health, 10(9), 1078–1091. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2014.1002413
  11. Hadiza Abigail, A., & Esther, E. A. (2013). Barriers and facilitators to the practice of exclusive Breast feeding among working class mothers: A study of female resident doctors in tertiary health institutions in Plateau State. E3 Journal of Medical Research, 2(1), 112–0116.
  12. Haghighi, M., & Taheri, E. (2015). Factors associated with breastfeeding in th7e first hour after birth, in baby friendly hospitals, Shiraz-Iran. International Journal of Pediatrics, 3(5), 889–896. https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2015.4720
  13. Hidayah Putri, D., Masrul, M., & Evareny, L. (2018). The Relationship Between The Level of Maternal Knowledge, Maternal Employment Status and Family Support With Exclusive Breastfeeding in The Working Area of The Air Dingin Health Center of Padang City in 2018. Journal of Midwifery, 3(2), 161. https://doi.org/10.25077/jom.3.2.161-175.2018
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  15. Jolly, K., Ingram, L., Khan, K. S., Deeks, J. J., Freemantle, N., & MacArthur, C. (2012). Systematic review of peer support for breastfeeding continuation: Metaregression analysis of the effect of setting, intensity, and timing. BMJ (Online), 344(7844), 18. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d8287
  16. Jonas, W., & Woodside, B. (2016). Physiological mechanisms, behavioral and psychological factors influencing the transfer of milk from mothers to their young. Hormones and Behavior, 77, 167–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.07.018
  17. Maonga, A. R., Mahande, M. J., Damian, D. J., & ... (2016). Factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding among women in Muheza District Tanga northeastern Tanzania: a mixed method community based study. In Maternal and child health …. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-015-1805-z
  18. Negin, J., Coffman, J., Vizintin, P., & Raynes-Greenow, C. (2016). The influence of grandmothers on breastfeeding rates: A systematic review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0880-5
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  20. Okafor, I., Olatona, F., & Olufemi, O. (2013). Breastfeeding practices of mothers of young children in Lagos, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics, 41(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.4314/njp.v41i1.8
  21. Perera, P. J., Ranathunga, N., Fernando, M. P., Sampath, W., & Samaranayake, G. B. (2012). Actual exclusive breastfeeding rates and determinants among a cohort of children living in Gampaha district Sri Lanka: A prospective observational study. International Breastfeeding Journal, 7, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4358-7-21
  22. Rollins, N. C., Bhandari, N., Hajeebhoy, N., Horton, S., Lutter, C. K., Martines, J. C., Piwoz, E. G., Richter, L. M., & Victora, C. G. (2016). Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practices? The Lancet, 387(10017), 491–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01044-2
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  24. Shakya, P., Kunieda, M. K., Koyama, M., Rai, S. S., Miyaguchi, M., Dhakal, S., Sandy, S., Sunguya, B. F., & Jimba, M. (2017). Effectiveness of community-based peer support for mothers to improve their breastfeeding practices: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 12(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177434
  25. Stuebe, A. (2009). The risks of not breastfeeding. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181bf91da
  26. Sudfeld, C. R., Fawzi, W. W., & Lahariya, C. (2012). Peer Support and Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One, 7(9). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045143
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  30. Ulak, M., Chandyo, R. K., Mellander, L., Shrestha, P. S., & Strand, T. A. (2012). Infant feeding practices in Bhaktapur, Nepal: A cross-sectional, health facility based survey. International Breastfeeding Journal, 7, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4358-7-1
  31. Victora, C. G., Bahl, R., Barros, A. J. D., França, G. V. A., Horton, S., Krasevec, J., Murch, S., Sankar, M. J., Walker, N., Rollins, N. C., Allen, K., Dharmage, S., Lodge, C., Peres, K. G., Bhandari, N., Chowdhury, R., Sinha, B., Taneja, S., Giugliani, E., … Richter, L. (2016). Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. The Lancet, 387(10017), 475–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01024-7
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