jimi

Article Details

Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): Maret

Articles

Bacteremia Prevalence and Risk Factors at PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital, Yogyakarta

K Kusbaryanto Kusbaryanto F Fatma Afrianti Gobel E Ekorini Listiowati A Aisyah Rosyida
17 March 2026 Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): Maret https://doi.org/10.35912/jimi.v5i2.6395
Abstract
17 Mar 2026

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the prevalence and risk factors of bacteremia at PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital, Yogyakarta.

Research Methodology: This study employed an analytical observational design with a case-control approach. The sample consisted of hospitalized patients diagnosed with bacteremia between January 2020 and December 2021, selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria of this study.

Results: A total of 133 patients were included in this study. Statistical analysis showed that several variables were significantly associated with bacteremia, including age (p = 0.001; OR = 2.87), fever (p = 0.02; OR = 1.94), vomiting (p = 0.003; OR = 2.33), and abdominal pain (p = 0.016; OR = 2.29).

Conclusions: The prevalence of bacteremia was identified in 133 patients, with age and clinical symptoms, particularly fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain, emerging as significant risk factors.

Limitations: This study was conducted in a single hospital setting, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other healthcare settings with different patient characteristics and epidemiological profiles.

Contributions: The findings provide important epidemiological insights that can support hospitals in identifying risk patterns and improving the management of bacteremia in clinical practice.

Keywords: Bacteriemia Hospital Prevalence Risk Factors
How to Cite
“
Kusbaryanto, K., Gobel, F. A., Listiowati , E., & Rosyida , A. (2026). Bacteremia Prevalence and Risk Factors at PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital, Yogyakarta. Jurnal Ilmu Medis Indonesia, 5(2), 73–83. https://doi.org/10.35912/jimi.v5i2.6395
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX
References
  1. Adil, F. Z., Benaissa, E., Benlahlou, Y., Bakkali, H., Doghmi, N., Balkhi, H., . . . Elouennass, M. (2022). Bacteriological Aspects of Bacteremia in the Intensive Care Unit of the Mohammed V Military Hospital: 10 Months Prospective Study. European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology, 12(2), 46-52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1556/1886.2022.00010
  2. Amin, S., Heryanto, P., Athaya, R., & Fitri, N. A. (2024). Perkembangan terkini dalam desain obat berbasis kimia medisinal. Jurnal Ilmu Medis Indonesia, 4(1), 41-48. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jimi.v4i1.4558
  3. Babatunde, O., Olatunji, M., Omotajo, O., Ikwunne, O., Babatunde, A., Nihinlola, E., . . . Dairo, M. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 on routine immunization in Oyo State, Nigeria: trend analysis of immunization data in the pre- and post-index case period; 2019-2020. Pan African Medical Journal, 41. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2022.41.54.28575
  4. Basílico, H., García, S., & Pintos, L. (2021). Risk factors associated with bacteremia in burn children admitted to a specialized pediatric intensive care unit: A Case-Control Study. Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria, 119(5), 325-330. doi:https://doi.org/10.5546/aap.2021.eng.325
  5. Bayo, S. M., Ruíz, M. P. P., Hijazo, M. M., & Usón, M. C. V. (2022). Bacteremia during COVID-19 Pandemic in a Tertiary Hospital in Spain. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica, 40(4), 183-186. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2021.01.015
  6. Büyükcam, A., B?çakc?gil, A., Cengiz, A. B., Sancak, B., Ceyhan, M., & Kara, A. (2020). Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia Bacteremia in Children-A 10-Year Analysis. Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria, 118(3), e317-e323. doi:https://doi.org/10.5546/aap.2020.eng.e317
  7. Cheah, A., Spelman, T., Liew, D., Peel, T., Howden, B., Spelman, D., . . . Kong, D. (2013). Enterococcal bacteraemia: factors influencing mortality, length of stay and costs of hospitalization. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 19(4), 181-189. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12132
  8. Christaki, E., & Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E. J. (2014). The complex pathogenesis of bacteremia: from antimicrobial clearance mechanisms to the genetic background of the host. Virulence, 5(1), 57-65. doi:https://doi.org/10.4161/viru.26514
  9. D’Onofrio, V., Meersman, A., Vijgen, S., Cartuyvels, R., Messiaen, P., & Gyssens, I. C. (2021). Risk factors for mortality, intensive care unit admission, and bacteremia in patients suspected of sepsis at the emergency department: A prospective cohort study. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 8(1), 1-6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa594
  10. Ervina, L., Berawi, K., Busman, H., Irawan, B., Azizah, N., & Yolanda, J. E. (2025). Laboratory and Clinical Manifestation Correlation of Neonatal Sepsis in Abdul Moeloek Hospital. Jurnal Ilmu Medis Indonesia, 4(2), 15-145. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jimi.v4i2.4250
  11. Fabre, V., Carroll, K. C., & Cosgrove, S. E. (2022). Blood Culture utilization in the hospital setting: a call for diagnostic stewardship. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 60(3), 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01005-21
  12. Finch, E. R., Janke, L. J., Smith, C. A., Karol, S. E., Pei, D., Cheng, C., . . . Wolf, J. (2019). Bloodstream infections exacerbate incidence and severity of symptomatic glucocorticoid?induced osteonecrosis. Pediatric blood & cancer, 66(6), 1-16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.27669
  13. Finello, M., Suasnabar, D. F., García, M. d. J., Díaz, M. V., Richetta, L., Toranzo, A., . . . Caeiro, J. P. (2020). Clinical and microbiological characteristics of bloodstream infections in adult neutropenic patients. Revista Argentina de Microbiologia, 53(3), 183-193. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ram.2020.11.001
  14. Forrester, J. D. (2024). Bacteremia. Retrieved from https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/bacteremia-sepsis-and-septic-shock/bacteremia
  15. Franco-Paredes, C. (2016). Core Concepts in Clinical Infectious Diseases (CCCID). London: Academic Press.
  16. Fritz, C. Q., Edwards, K. M., Self, W. H., Grijalva, C. G., Zhu, Y., Arnold, S. R., . . . Wunderink, R. G. (2019). Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Bacteremic Pneumonia in Children. Pediatrics, 144(1), 1-8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-3090
  17. García-Rodríguez, J., & Mariño-Callejo, A. (2023). The Factors Associated with the Trend in Incidence of Bacteraemia and Associated Mortality Over 30 Years. BMC Infectious Diseases, 23(1), 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-023-08018-0
  18. Hernández-Roca, J. J., Garcia-Vazquez, E., Hernandez, A., Canteras, M., Herrero, J. A., Cascales, E., . . . Gomez-Gomez, J. (2013). Bacteraemia at a Second Level Hospital: Epidemiological Study, Analysis of Pronostic Factors Associated to Mortality and Economic Cost Estimation. Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia: Publicacion Oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia, 26(2), 119-127.
  19. Holmes, C. L., Albin, O. R., Mobley, H. L., & Bachman, M. A. (2025). Bloodstream Infections: Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Opportunities for Intervention. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 23(4), 210-224. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-024-01105-2
  20. Holmes, C. L., Anderson, M. T., Mobley, H. L., & Bachman, M. A. (2021). Pathogenesis of Gram-Negative Bacteremia. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 34(2), 1-27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00234-20
  21. Kelly, R. S., Lasky-Su, J., Yeung, S.-C. J., Stone, R. M., Caterino, J. M., Hagan, S. C., . . . Coyne, C. J. (2018). Integrative Omics to Detect Bacteremia in Patients with Febrile Neutropenia. PLoS One, 13(5), 1-20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197049
  22. Kerimov, V. Y., Mustaev, R., Lavrenova, E., & Romanov, P. (2024). SOCAR Proceedings. doi:https://doi.org/10.5510/OGP2022SI100656
  23. Keynan, Y., & Rubinstein, E. (2013). Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia, Risk Factors, Complications, and Management. Critical Care Clinics, 29(3), 547-562. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2013.03.008
  24. Langi, S., & Winarti, E. (2024). Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan terhadap Kepuasan Pasien. Jurnal Ilmu Medis Indonesia, 3(1), 31-39. doi:10.35912/jimi.v3i1.2870
  25. Lepe-Balsalobre, E., Rubio-Sánchez, R., & Cabra-Rodríguez, R. (2021). Bacteriemia Por Nocardiosis Pulmonar Diseminada. Revista Española de Quimioterapia, 34(5), 504-505. doi:https://doi.org/10.37201/req/040.2021
  26. Liu, L.-H., Wang, N.-Y., Wu, A. Y.-J., Lin, C.-C., Lee, C.-M., & Liu, C.-P. (2018). Citrobacter Freundii Bacteremia: Risk Factors of Mortality and Prevalence of Resistance Genes. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 51(4), 565-572. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2016.08.016
  27. Lockhart, P. B., Brennan, M. T., Thornhill, M., Michalowicz, B. S., Noll, J., Bahrani-Mougeot, F. K., & Sasser, H. C. (2009). Poor Oral Hygiene as a Risk Factor for Infective Endocarditis–Related Bacteremia. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 140(10), 1238-1244. doi:https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2009.0046
  28. Madrazo, M., López-Cruz, I., Piles, L., Artero, S., Alberola, J., Aguilera, J. A., . . . Artero, A. (2023). Risk Factors for Bacteremia and Its Clinical Impact on Complicated Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infection. Microorganisms, 11(8), 1-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11081995
  29. Minejima, E., Mai, N., Bui, N., Mert, M., Mack, W. J., She, R. C., . . . Wong-Beringer, A. (2020). Defining the Breakpoint Duration of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Predictive of Poor Outcomes. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 70(4), 566-573. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz257
  30. Mojtahedi, S. Y., Rahbarimanesh, A., Khedmat, L., & Izadi, A. (2018). The Prevalence of Risk Factors for the Development of Bacteraemia in Children. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 6(11), 2023-2029. doi:https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.418
  31. Parsons, J. B., Westgeest, A. C., Conlon, B. P., & Fowler Jr, V. G. (2023). Persistent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: Host, Pathogen, and Treatment. Antibiotics, 12(3), 1-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12030455
  32. Peralta, G., Padrón, E., Roiz, M., De Benito, I., Garrido, J., Talledo, F., . . . Sanchez, M. (2006). Risk Factors for Bacteremia in Patients with Limb Cellulitis. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 25(10), 619-626. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-006-0186-z
  33. Retamar, P., López-Prieto, M. D., Rodriguez-Lopez, F., de Cueto, M., Garcia, M. V., Gonzalez-Galan, V., . . . Becerril-Carral, B. (2014). Predictors of Early Mortality in Very Elderly Patients with Bacteremia: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 26, 83-87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.04.029
  34. Ridho, F. M., & Artikel, R. (2023). Mechanism of Alkaloids and Flavonoids in Bajakah (Uncaria nervosa Elmer) as Antidiabetic Agents. Jurnal Ilmu Medis Indonesia, 3(1), 9-16. doi:https://doi.org/10.35912/jimi.v3i1.2296
  35. Rosas, S., Hegde, V., Plate, F. J., Dennis, D., Jennings, J., & Bracey, D. N. (2022). Bacteremia in Patients Undergoing Debridement, Antibiotics, and Implant Retention Leads to Increased Reinfections and Costs. Arthroplasty Today, 16, 259-263. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artd.2022.05.014
  36. Ruiz-Giardín, J. M., Martin-Díaz, R. M., Jaqueti-Aroca, J., Garcia-Arata, I., San Martín-López, J. V., & Buitrago, M. S.-S. (2015). Diagnosis of Bacteraemia and Growth Times. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 41, 6-10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2015.10.008
  37. Sante, L., Lecuona, M., Jaime, A. A., & Arias, Á. (2019). Risk Factors to Secondary Nosocomial Bacteremia to UTI in a Tertiary Hospital. Revista Española de Quimioterapia, 32(4), 311-316.
  38. Schuler, F., Froböse, N., & Schaumburg, F. (2020). Prevalence and Risk Factors for Bacteremia in Patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria: A Retrospective Cohort Study. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 98, 467-469. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.022
  39. Setyoningrum, R. A., Lestari, S. R., Sari, R. K., Visuddho, V., Hapsari, R., & Chafid, A. P. P. (2024). White Blood Cell Count and Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio in Children with Complicated and Uncomplicated Pneumonia. Jurnal Ilmu Medis Indonesia, 4(1), 1-7.
  40. Srivastava, V., & Singh, S. (2024). Organ Support in Sepsis: A Panoramic View from Infection to Death. Medical Journal Armed Forces India, 80(1), 4-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2023.10.010
  41. Stover, K. R., Morrison, A., Collier, T., Schneider, E., Wagner, J. L., Capino, A. C., & Barber, K. E. (2021). Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Bacteremia in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients. Journal of pharmacy practice, 34(3), 360-364. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0897190019868056
  42. Yilmaz, M., Elaldi, N., Balkan, ?. ?., Arslan, F., Bat?rel, A. A., Bak?c?, M. Z., . . . Yetkin, M. A. (2016). Mortality Predictors of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: A Prospective Multicenter Study. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 15(1), 1-10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-016-0122-8
  43. Yoon, S. H., Shin, H., Lee, K. H., Kim, M. K., Kim, D. S., Ahn, J. G., & Shin, J. I. (2020). Predictive Factors for Bacteremia in Febrile Infants with Urinary Tract Infection. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61421-4
License & Copyright
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.