Purpose: Mussaenda frondosa is a rare plant species native to Indonesia’s tropical forests, with limited research focused on its classification and identification, particularly using machine learning. This study aims to develop a classification model for...

Purpose: This study aims to develop a classification system for the Clerodendrum paniculatum plant (Bunga Pagoda), focusing on its key parts—stems, flowers, leaves, and trees—using the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm. The objective is to support conservation...