Purpose: Purpose: Aristolochia acuminata is a rare plant species of significant conservation value. However, the accurate classification of its parts, such as leaves, stems, and twigs, remains a challenge. This study aimed to develop a reliable classification model to support...

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of TiO? photocatalysis with varying UV light intensities in degrading color, reducing iron content, and improving pH in peat water, which is naturally acidic and rich in organics.

Methodology: Peat...